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Stimulation of macrophages by hY3 and mpre-5S RNAs is TLR-dependent. A, IFN-γ–primed macrophages express TLR7 and TLR8 (FACS, RT-PCR). B, TNF-α was measured in the supernatants generated from human primed macrophages transfected with hY3, mpre-5S RNA or SSRNA41 under varied conditions. Treatments include coincubations in the presence or absence of IRS661, chloroquine, RNase as well as alkaline phosphatase. Bars represent means ± SEM.
