Table 2.

Reliability, validity, and summary of the psychometric properties of 10 selected neuropsychological tests (cognitive domain) that were used in ≥5 good- or high-quality RCTs

Neuropsychological test (domain)	Reliability	Validity	Summary
MMSE (global functioning)	test-retest reliability (ICC): 0.85–0.90 [112]; 0.89 [113]; 0.92 [114]; 0.69 [115]; 0.89 [116]; 0.80 [117]; 0.86 [118] inter-rater reliability: ICC = 0.69–0.78 [115]; κ = 0.63 [114]; ICC = 0.69 [115] internal consistency (α): 0.54–0.96 [119]; 0.78 [120]; 0.77 [121]; 0.68 [122]; 0.96 [123]; 0.90 [124]; 0.81 [125]	concurrent validity with Wechsler adult intelligence scale verbal IQ (r = 0.78) and performance IQ (r = 0.66) [113]	reliable and valid test in dementia patients; there is a floor effect in severe dementia patients [119]; sensitivity to change over time is questionable because small changes could be due to measurement errors [125]
ADAS-cog (global functioning)	test-retest reliability (ICC): 0.91–0.95 [126]; 0.65–0.92 [127]; 0.90 [128]; 0.93 [129]; 0.96 [130]; 0.86–0.96 [131]; 0.90 [132] inter-rater reliability: ICC = 0.65–0.95 [131]; κ = 0.99 [130]; ICC = 0.98–0.99 [126]; ICC = 0.97–0.99 [127]; κ = 0.99 [133] internal consistency (α): 0.65– 0.91 [131]; 0.87 [130]; 0.52–0.87 [126]; 0.96 [128]; 0.15–0.93 [134]; 0.81 [129]; 0.84 [135]	concurrent validity with MMSE (r = −0.63) [135]	reliable and valid test in patients with mild to moderate dementia
Verbal Fluency Test Category (EF)	–	–	no information available about reliability and validity for dementia patients
SIB (global functioning)	test-retest reliability (ICC): 0.79 [136]; 0.97 [137]; 0.87 [138]; 0.90 [139]; 0.93 [135] inter-rater reliability: Spearman's ρ = 0.85 [140]; Spearman's ρ = 0.97 [137]; ICC = 0.99 [138] internal consistency (α): 0.97 [136]; 0.97 [140]; 0.98 [137]	concurrent validity with MMSE (r = 0.85) [140]	reliable and valid test in dementia patients [140]; this test is sensitive to changes in patients with moderate to severe dementia (MMSE 0–12) [140]; promising test for follow-up in therapeutic trials [138]
Digit Span Forward (attention)	–	–	no information available about reliability and validity for dementia patients; Digit Span Test as a sub-test in the SIB was sensitive to change in dementia patients [141]
Verbal Fluency Test Letters (EF)	–	–	no information available about reliability and validity for dementia patients
Digit Span Backward (attention)	–	–	no information available about reliability and validity for dementia patients; Digit Span Test as a sub-test in the SIB was sensitive to change in dementia patients [141]
Clock Drawing Test (EF)	test-retest reliability (ICC): 0.70–0.78 [142] inter-rater reliability: ICC = 0.82 [143]; ICC = 0.92 [144]; ICC = 0.88 [145]; κ = 0.82–0.94 [146]; κ = 0.94 [147]; κ = 0.63–1.0 [148] internal consistency (α): 0.75 [142]	concurrent validity with MMSE (r = 0.13) [142]	reliable test in dementia patients
Trail Making Test-A (attention)	–	–	no information available about reliability and validity for dementia patients
Trail Making Test-B (EF)	–	–	no information available about reliability and validity for dementia patients

EF = Executive functioning.