Table 1.

Methods of synthesis for the three different types of hybrid constructs discussed within this manuscript, including polymeric constructs incorporating collagen and calcium phosphate, biological tissue ECM-based constructs, and cell-generated ECM-based constructs.

Construct Type	Methods of Synthesis	References
Polymeric constructs incorporating collagen and calcium phosphate	Sequential deposition of collagen or gelatin and hydroxyapatite onto scaffold
	Generate polymer scaffold Electrospinning 3D printing Lyophilization Coat scaffold with collagen or gelatin Coat scaffold with hydroxyapatite	[13, 14, 22, 26, 27]
	Simultaneous incorporation of collagen or gelatin and calcium phosphate within scaffold	[29–33]
	Combine polymer, collagen or gelatin, and calcium phosphate Remove solvent
	Incorporation of collagen or gelatin within scaffold followed by deposition of calcium phosphate
	Combine polymer with collagen or gelatin Remove solvent Coat scaffold with calcium phosphate	[34–36]
	Incorporation of calcium phosphate within scaffold followed by deposition of collagen or gelatin
	Combine polymer with calcium phosphate Remove solvent Coat scaffold with collagen or gelatin
Biological tissue ECM-based construct	Decellularize biological tissue Bone matrix Urinary bladder submucosa Pulverize the acellular tissue Combine polymer and acellular tissue particles Solidify	[15, 16, 37–39]
Cell-generated ECM-based construct	Seed cells on porous scaffolds Stem cells Pre-osteoblastic cells Osteoblasts Culture cell-seeded scaffolds Static culture Flow culture Electromagnetic stimulation culture Dynamic strain culture	[17, 18, 51–57, 63–77, 79–82, 84, 88–94, 115, 116]