Table 2.
Selected baseline demographic and lifestyle characteristics of cancer cases and noncases, EPIC cohort study, 1992–2010
| Baseline characteristics | Hepatocellularcarcinoma (N = 191) | Intrahepatic bile ductcancer (N = 66) | Biliary tractcancer (N = 236) | Noncases(N = 476 713) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (N, %) | 127 (66.5) | 33 (50.0) | 89 (37.7) | 141 945 (29.8) |
| Women (N, %) | 64 (33.5) | 33 (50.0) | 147 (62.3) | 334 768 (70.2) |
| Age at recruitment (years) | 59.6 (6.9) | 59.6 (7.7) | 58.1 (8.1) | 51.2 (9.9) |
| Smoking status and intensity (N, %) | ||||
| Never smoker | 53 (27.8) | 28 (42.4) | 110 (46.6) | 205 157 (43.0) |
| Current smoker, occasional | 14 (7.3) | 3 (4.6) | 11 (4.7) | 40 046 (8.4) |
| Current smoker, 1–15 cigarettes/day | 23 (12.0) | 6 (9.1) | 26 (11) | 55 258 (11.6) |
| Current smoker, 16–25 cigarettes/day | 24 (12.6) | 4 (6.1) | 17 (7.2) | 29 822 (6.3) |
| Current smoker, >25 cigarettes/day | 14 (7.3) | 1 (1.5) | 5 (2.1) | 8647 (1.8) |
| Former smoker, quit ≤10 years ago | 17 (8.9) | 3 (4.6) | 15 (6.4) | 45 552 (9.6) |
| Former smoker, quit 11–20 years ago | 18 (9.4) | 9 (13.6) | 29 (12.3) | 38 923 (8.2) |
| Former smoker, quit >20 years ago | 24 (12.6) | 8 (12.1) | 15 (6.4) | 37 566 (7.9) |
| No. with diabetes (N, %)a | 22 (11.5) | 2 (3.0) | 16 (6.8) | 12 478 (2.6) |
| No. with gallstones (N, %)b | 21 (11.0) | 15 (22.7) | 30 (12.7) | 24 473 (5.1) |
| Anthropometric factors (mean, SD) | ||||
| Height (cm) | 168.4 (10.1) | 166.4 (9.8) | 166.3 (9.2) | 166 (8.9) |
| Weight (kg) | 79.7 (17.2) | 75.1 (15.1) | 73.6 (14) | 70.2 (13.7) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.0 (4.8) | 27.0 (4.2) | 26.6 (4.5) | 25.4 (4.3) |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.94 (0.1) | 0.90 (0.1) | 0.87 (0.1) | 0.84 (0.1) |
| Total physical activity (N, %)c | ||||
| Inactive | 18 (9.4) | 8 (12.1) | 29 (12.3) | 71 709 (15) |
| Moderately inactive | 68 (35.6) | 20 (30.3) | 76 (32.2) | 142 918 (30) |
| Moderately active | 78 (40.8) | 28 (42.4) | 92 (39.0) | 156 660 (32.9) |
| Active | 18 (9.4) | 5 (7.6) | 22 (9.3) | 39 198 (8.2) |
| Education (N, %) | ||||
| None/primary | 88 (46.1) | 31 (47) | 99 (42.0) | 142 818 (30.0) |
| Technical/professional | 53 (27.8) | 14 (21.2) | 50 (21.2) | 106 176 (22.3) |
| Secondary | 12 (6.3) | 5 (7.6) | 38 (16.1) | 97 407 (20.4) |
| University or higher | 34 (17.8) | 11 (16.7) | 41 (17.4) | 113 406 (23.8) |
| Lifetime pattern of alcohol intake (N, %) | ||||
| Never drinkers | 8 (4.2) | 3 (4.6) | 12 (5.1) | 28 136 (5.9) |
| Former light drinkers | 12 (6.3) | 6 (9.1) | 9 (3.8) | 15 030 (3.2) |
| Former heavy drinkers | 10 (5.2) | 2 (3) | 3 (1.3) | 1979 (0.4) |
| Light drinkers | 23 (12.0) | 10 (15.2) | 39 (16.5) | 87 806 (18.4) |
| Never heavy drinkers | 63 (33.0) | 25 (37.9) | 94 (39.8) | 184 436 (38.7) |
| Periodically heavy drinkers | 32 (16.8) | 9 (13.6) | 17 (7.2) | 42 408 (8.9) |
| Always heavy drinkers | 6 (3.1) | 1 (1.5) | 2 (0.9) | 2968 (0.6) |
| Daily dietary intake (mean, SD) | ||||
| Total energy (kcal)d | 2180.4 (689.2) | 2166.6 (664.8) | 2051.4 (623.5) | 2074 (619.2) |
| Glycemic index | 56.0 (4.0) | 55.9 (2.9) | 56.0 (3.8) | 56.0 (3.9) |
| Glycemic load (unit) | 131.1 (48.1) | 131.7 (45.6) | 125.9 (43.3) | 128.2 (44.6) |
| Total carbohydrate (g) | 233.1 (80.8) | 234.4 (77.2) | 223.6 (72.4) | 228 (74.4) |
| Total starch (g) | 117.6 (45.7) | 115.2 (46.6) | 120.1 (48.7) | 120.9 (49.0) |
| Total sugar (g) | 108.6 (51.5) | 113.4 (46.8) | 99.4 (41.3) | 102.9 (43.8) |
| Total dietary fiber (g) | 21.1 (8.0) | 21.4 (6.6) | 22.1 (8.0) | 22.8 (7.7) |
| Alcohol (g) | 20.8 (31.1) | 13.9 (18.5) | 12.3 (17.1) | 11.9 (17.1) |
Missing values were not excluded from percentage calculations; therefore, the sum of percent across subgroups may not add up to 100%. The number of noncases includes only cohort subjects without liver cancer.
Categorical variables are presented as numbers and percentages, continuous variables are presented as mean and standard deviations, adjusted for age and center except for age at recruitment, which was adjusted for center only.
aSelf-reported data. Number of participants with missing data on diabetes status: HCC = 17, IBD = 13, EBD = 15, noncases = 39 143.
bSelf-reported data. Number of participants with missing data on gallstones status: HCC = 17, IBD = 18, EBD = 77, noncases = 146 938.
cTotal physical activity categories were sex specific.
dTotal energy consumption was strongly correlated with total dietary GL (Spearman's partial correlation coefficient, ρ = 0.81), dietary carbohydrate intake (ρ = 0.81), but weakly with overall GI (ρ = 0.10), after adjustment for study center, sex, and age. After additional adjustment for total energy, total dietary carbohydrate was strongly correlated with GL (ρ = 0.94), weakly with GI (ρ = 0.19), and inversely with total fats (ρ = –0.60); GI with GL (ρ = 0.48); GL with total sugar (ρ = 0.42), total starch (ρ = 0.68), and total fiber (ρ = 0.33); and GI with total sugar (ρ = − 0.27), total starch (ρ = 0.52), and total fiber (ρ = − 0.03). All correlation coefficients were statistically significant (P < 0.0001).