Table 4.
Multivariable-adjusteda hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for intrahepatic bile duct, cholangiocarcinoma, and gallbladder cancers by increase in intake of GI and energy-adjusted GL, total carbohydrate, and other carbohydrate components, EPIC cohort study, 1992–2010
| Dietary variablesb | Intrahepatic bile ductcancer (N = 66) | Cholangiocarcinoma(N = 58) | Gallbladdercancer (N = 87) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Glycemic index, per 5 units/day | 1.05 (0.73–1.52) | 1.04 (0.70–1.54) | 1.08 (0.80–1.47) |
| Glycemic load, per 50 units/day | 0.89 (0.50–1.56) | 0.83 (0.45–1.51) | 0.97 (0.57–1.67) |
| Total carbohydrate, per 100 g/day | 0.81 (0.39–1.68) | 0.70 (0.33–1.50) | 1.02 (0.50–2.07) |
| Total sugar, per 50 g/day | 1.12 (0.77–1.63) | 0.93 (0.62–1.41) | 0.95 (0.64–1.41) |
| Total starch, per 50 g/day | 0.75 (0.48–1.17) | 0.87 (0.54–1.41) | 1.16 (0.80–1.69) |
| Total fiber, per 10 g/day | 0.59 (0.37–0.95) | 0.67 (0.41–1.09) | 1.09 (0.73–1.63) |
aStratified by age (1-year intervals), sex, and center and adjusted for total energy intake (continuous), for sex-specific physical activity level (inactive, moderately inactive, moderately active, active, and missing), education (none/primary school, technical/professional school, secondary school, university degree, and unknown), body mass index (kg/m2; continuous), smoking status and intensity (never, former <10 and ≥10 years, current (<15, 15–24, and ≥25 cigarettes/day, other than cigarettes, and unknown), self-reported diabetes status (yes, no, and unknown), baseline alcohol intake (g/day; continuous), and lifetime alcohol intake pattern (never drinkers, former light drinker, former heavy drinkers, light drinkers, never heavy drinkers, periodically heavy drinkers, always heavy drinkers, and unknown).
bAll dietary variables, except for glycemic index, were energy-adjusted by residual method.