Table 1.
Summary of studies investigating the responsiveness of physical performance measures during inpatient care after stroke, n = 21
| Activity | Measure | Study | Setting | Inclusion timeframe post-stroke | n | Timeframe of reassessment, Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seated Reach |
Modified Functional Reach Test |
Katz-Leurer 2009 [14] |
Inpatient rehabilitation |
14-21 days post stroke |
n = 35 |
6 wks, Reach direction: |
| Paretic side, ES = 0.80 | ||||||
| Forward, ES = 0.60 | ||||||
| Non-paretic side, ES = 0.57 | ||||||
| Balance |
PCBS |
Pyoria 2005 [15] |
Acute neurological ward |
7 days post stroke |
n = 50 |
7-120 days, p <0.001 |
| n = 42 |
120–360 days, p >0.05 |
|||||
| n = 42 |
7–360, p <0.001 |
|||||
| BBS |
Salbach 2001 [16] |
Acute care hospital |
<8 days (as soon as ambulatory) |
n = 50 |
4 wks, SRM=1.04 |
|
| Stevenson 2001 [10] |
Stroke Unit (rehabilitation) |
Admission, mean 30.3 days (SD 23.3) |
n = 45 |
1-2 wks, p < 0.001 |
||
| Mao 2002 [17] |
Hospital inpatients |
14 days post stroke |
n = 110 |
14 to 30 days, ES = 0.80 |
||
| n = 93 |
30 to 90 days, ES = 0.69 |
|||||
| n = 80 |
90 to 180 days, ES = 0.40 |
|||||
| n = 93 |
14 to 90 days, ES = 1.07 |
|||||
| n = 80 |
14 to 180 days, ES = 1.11 |
|||||
| English 2006 [11] |
Inpatient rehabilitation |
Within 1 wk of admission |
n = 61 |
Within 1 wk of discharge (mean time admission to discharge 56.4+/− 38.1 days), ES = 1.01 |
||
| Wood-Dauphinee1996 [18] |
Acute hospital inpatients |
<2 wks post stroke |
n = 60 |
2wks to 6wks, ES = 0.66, SRM = 0.81 |
||
| 6wks to 12wks, ES = 0.25, SRM = 0.69 | ||||||
| 2wks to 12wks, ES = 0.97, SRM = 1.08 | ||||||
| BBS-3P |
Wang 2004 [19] |
Hospital inpatients |
14 days post stroke |
n = 202 |
14 to 30 days, SRM = 0.82 |
|
| n = 167 |
30 to 90 days, SRM = 0.70 |
|||||
| n = 167 |
90 to 180 days, SRM = 1.11 |
|||||
| SFBBS |
Chou 2006 [20] |
Hospital inpatients |
14 days post stroke |
n = 81 |
14 to 90 days. |
|
| 14-item BBS, ES = 0.85 | ||||||
| 7-item BBS, ES = 0.78 | ||||||
| 6-item BBS, ES = 0.78 | ||||||
| 5-item BBS, ES = 0.70 | ||||||
| 4-item BBS, ES = 0.69 | ||||||
| FM-B |
Mao 2002 [17] |
Hospital inpatients |
14 days post stroke |
n = 110 |
14 to 30 days, ES = 0.82 |
|
| n = 93 |
30 to 90 days, ES = 0.63 |
|||||
| n = 80 |
90 to 180 days, ES = 0.33 |
|||||
| n = 93 |
14 to 90 days, ES = 1.06 |
|||||
| n = 80 |
14 to 180 days, ES = 1.14 |
|||||
| SBM |
Chien 2007 [21] |
Inpatient rehabilitation |
< 3 months (mean 41.1 +/− 17.6) |
n = 40 |
2wks, |
|
| Equilibrium score, ES = 0.63 | ||||||
| Limits of stability time, ES = 0.27 | ||||||
| Limits of stability path, ES = 0.33 | ||||||
| Weight shifting, ES = 0.04-0.29 | ||||||
| Walking |
10mWT |
Goldie 1996 [22] |
Inpatient rehabilitation |
Start of rehabilitation, median 16.5 days of hospitalization |
n = 42 |
8 wks, ES=1.17 |
| Salbach 2001 [16] |
Acute care hospital |
<8 days (as soon as ambulatory) |
n = 50 |
4wks, Comfortable pace, ES = 0.74, SRM = 0.92 |
||
| 4wks, Maximum pace, ES = 0.55, SRM = 0.83 | ||||||
| 5mWT |
Salbach 2001 [16] |
Acute care hospital |
<8 days (as soon as ambulatory) |
n = 50 |
4wks, Comfortable pace, ES = 0.83, SRM = 1.22 |
|
| 4wks, Maximum pace, ES = 0.66, SRM = 1.00 | ||||||
| English 2006 [11] |
Inpatient rehabilitation |
Within 1 wk of admission |
n = 61 |
Within 1 wk of discharge (mean time admission to discharge 56.4+/− 38.1 days), ES = 0.81 |
||
| 2MWT |
Kosak 2005 [23] |
Inpatient rehabilitation |
28 days (+/− 34 days) |
n = 18 |
4 wks, SRM=1.34 |
|
| 6MWT |
Kosak 2005 [23] |
Inpatient rehabilitation |
28 days (+/− 34 days) |
n = 18 |
4 wks, SRM=1.52 |
|
| 12MWT |
Kosak 2005 [23] |
Inpatient rehabilitation |
28 days (+/− 34 days) |
n = 18 |
4wks, SRM = 1.90 |
|
| FAC |
Kollen 2006 [24] |
Hospital inpatients |
<14 days (mean days post stroke = 8.2 (SD 2.8) |
n = 101 |
4-26wks (weekly in weeks 1–10, fortnightly in weeks 10–20, once at week 26). |
|
| Responsiveness ratios based on a 10% MCID exceeded the smallest detectable difference and ranged from 4.36 to 17.70. | ||||||
| Mehrholz 2007 [25] |
Early rehabilitation centre |
30-60 days |
n = 55 |
2wks SRM=1.016 |
||
| 2wks to 4wks SRM = 0.842 | ||||||
| 4wks to 6mths SRM = 0.699 | ||||||
| Multiple |
Modified EFAM |
Liaw 2005 [26] |
Subacute stroke inpatients |
Admission |
n = 40 |
Discharge, SRM = 1.1 |
| MAS |
English 2006 [11] |
Inpatient rehabilitation |
Within 1 wk of admission |
n = 61 |
Within 1 wk of discharge (mean time admission to discharge 56.4+/− 38.1 days). |
|
| Item 1, ES = 1.03 | ||||||
| Item 2, ES = 0.74 | ||||||
| Item 3, ES = 0.61 | ||||||
| Item 4, ES = 0.85 | ||||||
| Item 5, ES = 1.02 | ||||||
| RMA |
Kurtais 2009 [12] |
Inpatient rehabilitation |
Median 2 months (mean 5.6, SD 11.2, range 0.5 to 78 months) |
n = 107 |
Discharge. |
|
| RMA – gross function, ES = 0.51, SRM = 0.83 | ||||||
| RMA – leg and trunk, ES = 0.45, SRM = 0.86 | ||||||
| RMI |
Hsueh 2003 [27] |
Hospital inpatients |
14 days |
n = 43-51 |
30 days, SRM=1.14 |
|
| 90 days, SRM=0.86 | ||||||
| 180 days, SRM=0.24 | ||||||
| Hsieh 2000 [13] |
Inpatient rehabilitation |
Admission to rehabilitation, median 24 days post stroke (range 7 – 53 days) |
n = 38 |
Discharge, ES = 1.28 |
||
| Multiple | |
Franchignoli 2003 [28] |
Inpatient rehabilitation |
Admission |
n = 73 |
5 wks, ES = 0.89 |
| MRMI |
Hsueh 2003 [27] |
Hospital inpatients |
14 days |
n = 43-51 |
30 days, SRM=1.31 |
|
| 90 days, SRM=0.83 | ||||||
| 180 days, SRM=0.20 | ||||||
| Lennon 2000 [29] |
Inpatient rehabilitation |
Admission |
n = 16 |
Discharge, ES=1.15 |
||
| PASS |
Wang 2004 [19] |
Hospital inpatients |
14 days post stroke |
n = 202 |
14 to 30 days, SRM = 0.84 |
|
| n = 167 |
30 to 90 days, SRM = 0.65 |
|||||
| n = 167 |
90 to 180 days, SRM = 1.02 |
|||||
| Mao 2002 [17] |
Hospital inpatients |
14 days post stroke |
n = 110 |
14 to 30 days, ES = 0.89 |
||
| n = 93 |
30 to 90 days, ES = 0.64 |
|||||
| n = 80 |
90 to 180 days, ES = 0.31 |
|||||
| n = 93 |
14 to 90 days, ES = 1.07 |
|||||
| n = 80 |
14 to 180 days, ES = 1.12 |
|||||
| Chien 2007 [21] |
Inpatient rehabilitation |
< 3 months (mean 41.1 days +/− 17.6) |
n = 40 |
2wks, ES = 0.41 |
||
| PASS–3P |
Wang 2004 [19] |
Hospital inpatients |
14 days post stroke |
n = 202 |
14 to 30 days, SRM = 0.86 |
|
| n = 167 |
30 to 90 days, SRM = 0.67 |
|||||
| n = 167 |
90 to 180 days, SRM = 1.04 |
|||||
| 6 SFPASS |
Chien 2007 [30] |
Hospital inpatients |
14 days post stroke |
n = 262 |
30 days, ES = 0.43-0.44 |
|
| PASS-TC | Wang 2005 [31] | Hospital inpatients | 14 days post stroke | n = 246 |
14 to 30 days, SRM = 0.65 |
|
| n = 203 |
30 to 90 days, SRM = 0.42 |
|||||
| n = 189 | 90 to 180 days, SRM = 0.02 |
Abbreviations: ES = Effect Size, SRM = Standardized response mean, wks = weeks, BBS-3P = Berg Balance Scale three point, BBS = Berg Balance Scale, SFBBS = Short Form Berg Balance Scale, FM-B = balance subscale of the Fugl-Meyer test, SBM = Smart Balance Master, 10mWT = ten metre walk test, 5mWT = five metre walk test, 2MWT = two minute walk test, 6MWT = six minute walk test, 12MWT = twelve minute walk test, FAC = Functional Ambulation Category, EFAM = Emory Functional Ambulation Profile, MAS = Motor Assessment Scale, RMA = Rivermead Motor Assessment, RMI = Rivermead Mobility Index, MRMI = Modified Rivermead Mobility Index, Motor-FIM = Motor component of the Functional Independence Measure, PASS = Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients, 6 SFPASS = 6-item Short Form Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients, PASS-3P = Three Point Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients, PASS-TC = Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients Trunk Control, PCBS= Postural Control and Balance for Stroke.