Figure 8.

Proposed molecular-cellular factors underlying the effects of obesity control (i.e., body weight reduction) on heart function in a mouse model based on the findings of the present study. AT-1 = angiotensin II type 1; BMP-2 = bone morphogenic protein 2; ET = endothelin; HO = mheme oxygenase, IL-1 = interleukin 1, INF-γ = interferon-gamma; MMP-9 = matrix metalloproteinase; NF-κB=nuclear factor-κB; NOX = NADPH oxidase; NQO = NAD(P)H Quinone Oxidoreductase; PAI = plasminogen activator inhibitor; p-Smad1/5 = phosphorylated Smad1/5; p-Smad3 = phosphorylated Smad3; TGF-β = transforming growth factor beta.