Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants without diabetes, stratified by psychological distress
| |
|
|
psychological distress |
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
|
Total |
High [4,021] |
Low [5,493] |
Test-value1 |
p-value |
|||
| N | %/m | n/SD | %/m | n/SD | %/m | n/SD | |||
|
Sociodemographic factors |
|
||||||||
| Age [years] |
9,514 |
43.8 |
18.1 |
44.5 |
18.0 |
43.4 |
18.2 |
8.81 |
0.003 |
| Sex [female] |
9,514 |
54% |
5,100 |
60% |
2,417 |
49% |
2,683 |
118.5 |
<0.001 |
| Marital status [married] |
9,502 |
59% |
5,639 |
58% |
2331 |
60% |
3,308 |
5.00 |
0.025 |
| Professional education |
9,497 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
44.5 |
<0.001 |
| Lower education |
|
33% |
3,101 |
36% |
1,460 |
29% |
1,641 |
|
|
| Medium education |
|
33% |
3,119 |
32% |
1,267 |
34% |
1,852 |
|
|
| Higher education |
|
35% |
3,277 |
32% |
1,289 |
36% |
1,998 |
|
|
| Race/ethnicity [non-white] |
9,503 |
4% |
352 |
4% |
171 |
3% |
181 |
5.94 |
0.015 |
| Annual household income |
9,514 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
73.9 |
<0.001 |
| <15,000 £ |
|
44% |
4,209 |
49% |
1,979 |
41% |
2,230 |
|
|
| 15,000-<35,000 £ |
|
46% |
4,358 |
42% |
1,705 |
48% |
2,653 |
|
|
| ≥35,000 £ |
|
10% |
947 |
8% |
337 |
11% |
610 |
|
|
|
Health |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Energy |
9,455 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
393.2 |
<0.001 |
| More energetic |
|
32% |
2,987 |
25% |
996 |
36% |
1,991 |
|
|
| About the same |
|
54% |
5,124 |
53% |
2,109 |
55% |
3,015 |
|
|
| Less energetic |
|
14% |
1,344 |
22% |
878 |
9% |
446 |
|
|
| Health status |
9,508 |
13% |
1,200 |
19% |
777 |
8% |
423 |
284.1 |
<0.001 |
| One/some health problems of which: |
9,486 |
52% |
4,960 |
59% |
2,375 |
47% |
2585 |
134.1 |
<0.001 |
| Heart/blood pressure |
|
11% |
1,076 |
13% |
538 |
10% |
538 |
29.7 |
<0.001 |
| Breathing problems, asthma, bronchitis |
|
10% |
963 |
13% |
507 |
8% |
456 |
47.3 |
<0.001 |
| Skin conditions/allergies |
|
11% |
1,001 |
12% |
488 |
9% |
513 |
19.3 |
<0.001 |
| Stomach/liver/kidneys |
|
6% |
524 |
7% |
295 |
4% |
229 |
44.71 |
<0.001 |
| Problems with arms, legs, etc. |
|
23% |
2,138 |
27% |
1,102 |
19% |
1,036 |
97.2 |
<0.001 |
| Difficulty in seeing |
|
7% |
656 |
9% |
348 |
6% |
308 |
33.54 |
<0.001 |
| Difficulty in hearing |
|
7% |
698 |
8% |
313 |
7% |
385 |
2.04 |
0.153 |
| Migraine or frequent headaches |
|
8% |
760 |
10% |
414 |
6% |
346 |
50.4 |
<0.001 |
| Anxiety, depression, psych. problems |
9,486 |
5% |
473 |
10% |
390 |
2% |
83 |
329.3 |
<0.001 |
|
Lifestyle |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Leisure time activity 2 |
6,906 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
37.0 |
<0.001 |
| Active |
|
52% |
3,609 |
50% |
1,441 |
54% |
2,168 |
|
|
| Moderately active |
|
20% |
1,391 |
19% |
548 |
21% |
843 |
|
|
| Inactive/sedentary |
|
28% |
1,906 |
31% |
912 |
25% |
994 |
|
|
| Smoking |
9,506 |
30% |
2,856 |
33% |
1,331 |
28% |
1,525 |
31.5 |
<0.001 |
| BMI [kg/m2] 2 |
4,933 |
26.4 |
4.7 |
26.3 |
4.9 |
26.4 |
4.6 |
0.019 |
0.889 |
| BMI categories 2 |
4,933 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Underweight < 18.5 |
|
1% |
69 |
2% |
31 |
1% |
38 |
7.28 |
0.064 |
| Normal weight 18.5 - 24.9 |
|
42% |
2,077 |
44% |
898 |
41% |
1,179 |
|
|
| Overweight 25.0 - 29.9 |
|
38% |
1,868 |
36% |
731 |
39% |
1,137 |
|
|
| Obese ≥ 30.0 | 19% | 919 | 19% | 385 | 19% | 534 | |||
1Test value Pearson χ2 for categorical variables and F-value for continuous scores.
2 Activity level was measured in wave 6, and BMI was measured in wave 13.