Table 3.
Covariate adjusted hazard ratios for high distress (top panel) and hazard ratio of the covariates for the complete model (lower panel) for 18-year follow-up diabetes incidence
| HR | 95% CI | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Block 1: Sociodemographic factors |
|
|
|
| High distress |
1.33 |
1.10-1.61 |
0.003 |
|
Block 2: Health |
|
|
|
| High distress |
1.10 |
0.90-1.34 |
0.342 |
|
Block 3: Lifestyle |
|
|
|
| High distress |
1.10 |
0.91-1.34 |
0.333 |
|
Covariates [complete model] |
|
|
|
|
Sociodemographic factors |
|
|
|
| Age |
1.03 |
1.02-1.04 |
<0.001 |
| Female sex [ref male] |
0.68 |
0.56-0.83 |
<0.001 |
| Marital status |
1.18 |
0.95-1.46 |
0.126 |
| Lower education [ref medium] |
1.21 |
0.95-1.54 |
0.115 |
| Higher education [ref medium] |
0.82 |
0.63-1.06 |
0.121 |
| Annual hh income <15,000 [ref 15,000 - <35,000] |
1.00 |
0.80-1.24 |
0.985 |
| Annual hh income ≥ 35,000 [ref 15,000 - <35,000] |
0.67 |
0.44-1.02 |
0.064 |
|
Health |
|
|
|
| More energetic [ref same energy] |
0.79 |
0.63-1.00 |
0.59 |
| Less energetic [ref same energy] |
1.54 |
1.18-2.02 |
0.002 |
| Health status [ref ‘no’] |
2.81 |
1.55-5.11 |
0.001 |
| Health problems One/some [ref ‘none’] |
1.43 |
0.77-2.63 |
0.255 |
|
Lifestyle |
|
|
|
| Inactive/sedentary [ref moderately active] |
1.06 |
0.82-1.38 |
0.655 |
| Active [ref moderately active] |
0.87 |
0.69-1.10 |
0.231 |
| Smoking | 1.01 | 0.82-1.25 | 0.915 |
Block 1: adjusted for age, female sex, marital status, education level, and annual household income.
Block 2: adjusted for block 1 + energy, health status, and health problems.
Block 3: adjusted for block 2 + activity in 1996, and smoking.