Table 1.
Compounds that increase lifespan in C. elegans and D. melanogaster described in this paper.
| Compound | IMLS | Model | Type of compound | Potential Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin E | 17–23% | C | Natural product | Antioxidant? | Harrington et al. 1998 |
| Tocotrienol | 20% | C | Natural product | Antioxidant? | Adachi et al. 2000 |
| Co Q10 | 18%* | C | Metabolite, Natural product | Antioxidant? | Ishii et al. 2004 |
| EUK-8/EUK134 † | 54% | C | Synthetic | Stress resistance-Antioxidant? | Melov et al. 2000; Keany et al. 2003 |
| Tamarixetin | 25% | C | Natural product, flavonoid | Stress resistance | Wu et al. 2002 |
| EGb761 | 8% | C | Natural product | Stress resistance | Wu et al. 2002, 2006 |
| Resveratrol † | 10–18% | C | Natural product | Stress resistance, autophagy, TOR? | Wood et al. 2004; Bass et al. 2007 |
| Ethosuximide/trimethadione/DEABL | 17–47% | C | Synthetic, anticonvulsants | Serotonin dependent DR? | Evason et al. 2005 |
| Blueberry extract | 28% | C, D | Natural product | Increased HSR, osmotic pathway | Wilson et al. 2006; Peng et al. 2007 |
| Cocoa | 10% | D | Natural product | Antioxidant, metal chelator | Bahadorani and Hilliker, 2007 |
| Damask rose extract | 10% | D | Natural product | Antioxidant? | Jafari et al. 2008: Shriner et al. 2011 |
| Lipoic acid | 24% | C | Metabolite, Natural product | Stress resistance | Brown et al. 2006; Benedetti et al. 2008 |
| LiCl | 25% | C | Chemical, mood stabilizer | GSK-3β and LSD-1 dependent | McColl et al. 2008 |
| 2-deoxy-D-glucose | 13–17% | C | Glicolysis inhibitor | Mitohormesis | Schulz et al. 2007 |
| Valproic acid | 35% | C | Synthetic, psychoactive | DAF-16 dependent | Evason et al. 2008 |
| Mianserine†/methiothepin/others | 20–33% | C | Synthetic, psychoactive | Serotonin signaling activation | Petrascheck et al. 2007; Zarse and Ristow 2008 |
| Reserpine | 31% | C | Natural product, antihypertensive | Stress resistance, requires Ser | Srivastava et al. 2008 |
| Trolox/Propyl gallate | 10–14% | C | Synthetic/food additive | Antioxidant | Benedetti et al. 2008 |
| Quercetin | 11–18% | C | Natural product, flavonoid | Stress resistance, DAF-16 dependent | Pietsch et al. 2009 |
| Oxaloacetate | 23% | C | Krebs Cycle metabolite | DAF-16/AMPK/dependent | Williams et al. 2009 |
| Acetic acid/Reishi Polysaccharide | 20–30% | C | Chemical reagent/natural product | DAF-16 dependent | Chuang et al. 2009 |
| Catechin | 13% | C | Natural product, flavonoid | DAF-2, NHR-8 and MEV-1 dependent | Saul et al. 2009 |
| Spermidine | 15% | C, D | Natural product, polyamine | Becline-1 dependent | Eisenberg et al, 2009 |
| Rapamycin | 6–15% | D | Natural product, immunosuppressant | TOR | Bjedov et al. 2010 |
| Trehalose | 30% | C | Natural product, disaccharide | Stress resistance, DAF-16 dependent | Honda et al. 2010 |
| Metformin | 40% | C | Biguanide, antidiabetic | DR mimetic, SKN-1 dependent | Onken et al. 2010 |
| DDS | 22% | C | Synthetic, antibiotic | Antioxidant? | Cho et al. 2010 |
| Lamotrigine | 51–17% | D | Synthetic, psychoactive | Unknown | Avanesian et al. 2010 |
| Thioflavin T | 45% | C | Synthetic, benzothiazole | Protein homeostasis HSF-1 and SKN-1 | Alavez et al. 2011 |
| Curcumin | 30% | C, D | Natural product | Protein homeostasis | Alavez et al. 2011, Lee et al. 2010 |
| Diallyl trisulfide | 12.6% | C | Natural product | SKN-1 dependent | Powolny 2011 |
| Celecoxib | 10–20% | C | Synthetic, COX2 inhibitor | DAF-16 dependent | Ching et al. 2011 |
| Ferulsinaic acid | 18–22% | C | Natural product | Stress resistance | Sayed, 2011 |
| NG-094 | 20%** | C | Synthetic | HSF-1 dependent | Haldimann et al. 2011 |
| Royal jelly | 7–18% | C, D | Natural product | DAF-2/DAF-16 dependent | Honda et al. 2011; Gardner, 1948 |
| Astragalan | 30.0% | C | Natural product | DAF-16 dependent | Zhang et al. 2012 |
IMLS, Increase in median lifespan;
*
Just in mev-1 mutants;
**
Just in PolyQ strain;
C, C. elegans; D, D. melanogaster;
†
Controversial