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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Adolesc Health. 2012 Aug 27;52(2):186–194. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.06.019

Table 5.

Correlates of school outcomes among children in 4th to 8th grade.

Predictor School Outcomes
Log-Days
Absent		 Teacher
Connectedness		 Student Engagement Grade Point
Average		 State
Achievement
Test
Beta (p-value) 1
Intercept 1.49 (<0.001) 3.20 (<0.001) 2.08 (<0.001) 3.29 (<0.001) 111.6 (<0.001)
Socio-Demographics
6th–8th Grade −0.08 (0.030) −0.22 (<0.001) −0.23 (<0.001) Not Applicable
Female 0.05 (0.045) 0.28 (<0.001) 0.28 (<0.001) 2.5 (<0.001)
School District
   Caroline, MD
   Dorchester, MD
   Wayne, WV
Referent
0.27 (0.001)
0.32 (<0.001)
Referent
−3.6 (0.016)
−4.9 (<0.001)
Maternal education < college degree 0.19 (<0.001) −0.24 (<0.001) −5.5 (<0.001)
Family income per year < $40,000 0.23 (<0.001) −0.33 (<0.001) −6.4 (<0.001)
Non-white −0.39 (<0.001) 0.18 (<0.001) −0.29 (<0.001) −10.0 (<0.001)
Puberty complete 0.15 (<0.001) −0.04 (0.050) −0.10 (<0.001) −0.16 (<0.001)
Chronic Health Conditions
Special health care need profile-type
   None
   Medication only
   Functional limitation
   Emotional/behavioral
   Other
Referent

0.16 (0.035)
0.18 (0.004)
Referent

−0.25 (<0.001)
−0.15 (0.027)
Physician-diagnosed chronic
conditions
   Asthma
   Learning disability
   Attention deficit disorder
   Obesity		 0.24 (<0.001)
0.22 (0.012)

−0.19 (0.003)
−0.33 (<0.001)
−0.11 (<0.001)

−10.8 (<0.001)
−4.3 (<0.001)
Health Assets
   Physical comfort −0.07 (<0.001) 0.10 (<0.001) 0.10 (<0.001) 0.06 (0.016) 0.8 (0.050)
   Emotional comfort
   Low stress reactions 0.06 (<0.001) 0.07 (0.010) 0.06 (0.022) 1.2 (0.006)
   Physical activity
   Balanced nutrition 0.14 (<0.001)
   Vitality 0.06 (0.017)
   Active coping 0.26 (<0.001) 0.30 (<0.001)
   Low aggression 0.23 (<0.001) 0.24 (<0.001) 0.08 (0.019)
   Low bully victim 0.06 (0.027) 1.7 (<0.001)
   Peer connectedness 0.15 (<0.001)
   Family connectedness 0.26 (<0.001) 0.31 (<0.001)
   Life satisfaction 0.20 (<0.001) 0.12 (<0.001) 0.08 (0.006)
   Self worth 0.08 (0.004) 0.17 (<0.001)
   Body image
1

Linear mixed effects models with random intercepts for children nested within schools and an AR(1) correlation structure were used to estimate beta coefficients and p-values. The lme procedure from R version 2.13 was used for all analyses. Empty cells indicate that the covariate was not significantly associated with the outcome at a critical value of 0.05.