TABLE II.
Comparison of Published Methods for the Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells to induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
| Method | Integratinga | Time (days) | Efficiency (%)b | Multiple cell types reprogrammed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Retroviral | Yes | 25–35 | 0.02–0.08 | Yes |
| Lentiviral | Yes | 20–30 | 0.02–1 | Yes |
| Lentiviral (miRNA) | No | 18–26 | 10.4–11.6 | No |
| miRNA (direct transfection) | No | 20 | 0.002 | Yes |
| Adenoviral | No | 25–30 | 0.0002 | No |
| Sendai virus | No | 25 | 0.5–1.4 | Yes |
| mRNA | No | 20 | 0.6–4.4 | No |
| Protein | No | 56 | 0.001 | No |
| Episomal | No | 30 | 0.0006–0.02 | Yes |
| Piggybac | Yes | 14–28 | 0.02–0.05 | No |
| Minicircles | No | 14–16 | 0.005 | No |
a
For all integrating methods there are strategies available to remove integrated sequences.
b
All efficiencies are for human cells only. Please see text for other comments on limitations regarding published efficiencies.