Table 2.
Unstandardized Fixed Effects, Variance Components, and Fit Statistics for the Growth Models of Adolescent Antisocial Behavior, Substance Use, and Positive Behavioral Engagement
| Variance component | Antisocial behavior
|
Substance use
|
Positive behavioral engagement
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Fixed effects for initial status | ||||||
| Intercept | 0.341*** (.038) | 0.293*** (.059) | 1.576*** (.119) | 1.327*** (.284) | 3.455*** (.025) | 3.499*** (.059) |
| Treat | −.019 (.014) | −.119 (.240) | .014 (.042) | |||
| White | −.120 (.090) | .391 (.284) | .119* (.058) | |||
| SES | −.042 (.026) | −.034 (.023) | .190 (.043) | |||
| Male | .137*** (.090) | −.104 (.182) | −.244*** (.058) | |||
| Single-parent | −.010 (.118) | −.207 (.349) | −.179* (.071) | |||
| Single × Male | .216 (.186) | .510 (.535) | .161 (.109) | |||
| Fixed effects for linear slope | ||||||
| Intercept | .109** (.036) | .109** (.041) | .703*** (.074) | .775** (.167) | −.125*** (.011) | −.118*** (.027) |
| Treat | .021 (.017) | .034 (.145) | −.017 (.012) | |||
| White | .041 (.088) | −.251 (.164) | −.023 (.027) | |||
| SES | .021 (.019) | .024 (.037) | −.015 (.037) | |||
| Male | .045 (.085) | .253* (.127) | −.039 (.026) | |||
| Single-parent | .207* (.105) | .175 (.207) | .031 (.033) | |||
| Single × Male | .014 (.040) | −.111 (.305) | −.098* (.050) | |||
| Fixed effects for quadratic slope | ||||||
| Intercept | −.026** (.008) | −.024** (.008) | ||||
| Treat | −.002 (.004) | |||||
| White | −.008 (.020) | |||||
| SES | −.013 (.020) | |||||
| Male | .029* (.015) | |||||
| Single-parent | −.032 (.031) | |||||
| Single × Male | .037 (.044) | |||||
| Random effects | ||||||
| Initial status | .014*** | .012*** | .033*** | .026*** | .204*** | .195*** |
| Linear slope | .008*** | .007*** | .064*** | .059*** | .031*** | .029*** |
| Quadratic slope | .002** | .001** | ||||
| Level 1 residual | .048*** | .047*** | .048*** | .047*** | .127*** | .127*** |
| Goodness of fit | ||||||
| −2LL | 535.3 | 439.9 | 1,035.9 | 998.1 | 6,760.1 | 6,688.7 |
| AIC | 565.2 | 461.9 | 1,057.9 | 1,016.1 | 6,806.8 | 6,710.7 |
Note. Model 1 is an unconditional growth model. Standard errors are in parentheses. Model 2 adds the controlling variables. Quadratic effects were tested but were not significant for substance use and positive behavioral engagement. SES = socioeconomic status; Treat = treatment group; LL = log likelihood; AIC = Akaike information criterion.
*
p < .05.
**
p <.01.
***
p <.001.