Fig. 5.

Three-dimensional reconstruction of the cranial cartilages and muscles of a bilaterally FoxN3-MO injected Xenopus laevis larva at stage 46 in ventro-lateral view. Morpholino-based knock-down of FoxN3 produced a delay in cranial muscle development by two developmental stages. The functional knock-down caused a wide variety of muscle malformations. All the muscles are smaller and show a frayed and disordered appearance (i.e. im). Some muscles start to differentiate at their normal origin but fail to extend to their insertion during muscle development, which effects a shifts of insertions (am, gh), and some muscles are anastomosed at their origin (gh + sr). Muscles: am, angularis muscles; gh, m. geniohyoideus; ih, m. interhyoideus; im, m. intermandibularis; lme, m. levator mandibulae externus; lml, m. levator mandibulae longus (comprising two parts; superficialis and profundus); lmr, m. levator mandibulae anterior; osh, m. orbitohyoideus; sr, m. subarcualis rectus I.