Table 5.

Parameter estimates for PFR effects on monthly change. Model 1 estimated effects on change for two time periods: baseline to post-intervention and post-intervention to 6-month follow-up. Model 2 estimated effect on change from baseline to 6-month follow-up.

	Model 1		Model 2
	PFR effect on change baseline to post-intervention	PFR effect on change post-intervention to 6-month follow-up	PFR effect on monthly change baseline to 6-month follow-up
	b (se)	b (se)	b (se)
Sensitivity	.34* (.17)	−.08 (.07)	.06 (.06)
Support	.01 (.02)	−.01 (.01)	.02 (.01)
Commitment	.00 (.03)	.02 (.01)	.01 (.01)
Understanding of toddlers	.53** (.19)	−.01 (.07)	.13+ (.07)
Stress-Difficult Child	.19 (.23)	−.08 (.10)	.00 (.09)
Stress-Dysfunctional Interaction	−.05 (.20)	.05 (.08)	.07 (.07)
Security	.00 (.01)	.01 (.01)	.00 (.01)
Engagement	−.02 (.02)	−.01 (.01)	−.01 (.01)
Competence	.10 (.12)	−.15** (.05)	−.07 (.05)
Problem behavior	.05 (.27)	.03 (.10)	.03 (.09)

Notes: b = effect of PFR on monthly rate of change, se = standard error,

^**p < .01,

^*p < .05,

⁺ p < .10.

Model 1 used two codings of time to estimate both change from baseline to post-intervention and change from post-intervention to 6-month follow-up. Model 2 used one coding of time and estimated intervention effects on linear change across the three time points.

Equations for the Model 1:

Level-1 Model

$$\text{Y}={\pi }_0+{{\pi }_1}^{\ast }(\text{time}\text{baseline}\text{to}\text{post}-{\text{intervention}}^{\text{a}})+{{\pi }_2}^{\ast }(\text{time}\text{post}-\text{intervention}\text{to}6-\text{month}\text{follow}-{\text{up}}^{\text{b}})+e$$

Level-2 Model

$$\begin{array}{l}{\pi }_0={\beta }_{00}+{{\beta }_{0\text{k}}}^{\ast }(\text{covariates})\\ {\pi }_1={\text{B}}_{10}+{{\beta }_{11}}^{\ast }(\text{PFR})+{{\text{B}}_{1\text{k}}}^{\ast }(\text{covariates})+r_1\\ {\pi }_2={\text{B}}_{20}+{{\beta }_{21}}^{\ast }(\text{PFR})+{{\text{B}}_{2\text{k}}}^{\ast }(\text{covariates})+r_2\end{array}$$

^aCoded 0 for baseline and months between baseline and post-intervention for both post-intervention and 6-month follow-up; if post-intervention time point missing, coded as 2.9 for EES condition and 4.2 for PFR condition.

^bCoded 0 for baseline and post-intervention time point and months since baseline for 6-month follow-up

Equations for the equations Model 2:

Level-1 Model

$$\text{Y}={\pi }_0+{{\pi }_1}^{\ast }(\text{months}\text{since}\text{baseline})+e$$

Level-2 Model

$$\begin{array}{l}{\pi }_0={\beta }_{00}+{{\beta }_{0\text{k}}}^{\ast }(\text{covariates})\\ {\pi }_1={\text{B}}_{10}+{{\beta }_{11}}^{\ast }(\text{PFR})+{{\text{B}}_{1\text{k}}}^{\ast }(\text{covariates})+r_1\\ {\pi }_2={\text{B}}_{20}+{{\beta }_{21}}^{\ast }(\text{PFR})+{{\text{B}}_{2\text{k}}}^{\ast }(\text{covariates})+r_2\end{array}$$