Table 1.

Contrasts between acquisition and participation models of learning (after Sfard, 1998)

	Acquisition	Participation
Goal of learning	Individual enrichment	Community building
Learning	Acquisition of something	Becoming a participant
Student	Recipient (consumer), re-constructor	Peripheral participant, apprentice
Teacher	Provider, facilitator, mediator	Expert participant, preserver of practice/discourse
Knowledge, concept	Property, possession, commodity	Aspects of practice/discourse/activity
Knowing	Having, possessing	Belonging, participating, communicating