Table 2.
Factors associated with VL in a ‘univariate’ model with ‘ward’ as random effect
|
Factors |
No. exposed |
OR † |
95%CI ‡ |
P- value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Case (%)* |
Control (%)* |
|
|
|
| (n = 115) | (n = 448) | ||||
| Adult |
95 (82.61) |
393 (87.72) |
0.68 |
0.35 – 1.31 |
0.25 |
| Male sex |
66 (57.4) |
285 (63.6) |
0.65 |
0.40 – 1.05 |
0.08 |
| Married |
69 (60.0) |
325 (72.5) |
0.55 |
0.34 – 0.91 |
0.02 |
| Hindu religion |
99 (86.1) |
403 (89.9) |
0.78 |
0.38 – 1.59 |
0.50 |
| Literate |
101 (87.8) |
407 (90.9) |
0.65 |
0.31 – 1.41 |
0.28 |
| Large households (> 5 person) |
54 (46.9) |
125 (27.9) |
2.39 |
1.46 – 3.93 |
0.001 |
| Intravenous Drug use |
6 (5.2) |
13 (2.9) |
2.30 |
0.69 – 7.66 |
0.17 |
| Proximity to other VL cases within 50 m |
52 (45.2) |
32 (7.1) |
6.60 |
3.69 – 11.82 |
<0.0001 |
| Regular forest visit |
59 (51.3) |
67 (14.9) |
6.08 |
3.49 – 10.61 |
<0.0001 |
| Daily wage earner (vs fixed employment) |
84 (73.0) |
240 (53.6) |
2.99 |
1.78 – 5.02 |
<0.0001 |
| History of migration |
66 (57.4) |
214 (47.8) |
1.75 |
1.08 – 2.83 |
0.02 |
| Bed net use ever |
83 (73.5) |
330 (73.7) |
1.06 |
0.62 – 1.81 |
0.81 |
| Sleeping on a bed (vs on the floor) |
94 (81.7) |
439 (97.9) |
0.09 |
0.03 – 0.24 |
<0.0001 |
| Sleeping upstairs |
1 (0.9) |
121 (27.0) |
0.03 |
0.01 – 0.21 |
0.001 |
| Goat ownership |
26 (22.6) |
75 (16.7) |
1.23 |
0.70 – 2.19 |
0.48 |
| Cattle ownership |
1 (0.9) |
26 (5.8) |
0.09 |
0.01 – 0.82 |
0.03 |
| Pig ownership |
34 (29.6) |
149 (33.3) |
0.86 |
0.52 – 1.44 |
0.58 |
| Chickens/ducks ownership |
14 (12.2) |
76 (16.9) |
0.62 |
0.31 – 1.22 |
0.16 |
| Type of house |
|
|
|
|
|
| Thatched house, no windows |
33 (28.7) |
21 (4.7) |
Referent |
|
|
| Thatched house with windows |
62 (53.9) |
170 (37.9) |
0.28 |
0.13 – 0.60 |
0.001 |
| Brick house |
20 (17.4) |
257 (57.4) |
0.05 |
0.02 – 0.12 |
<0.0001 |
| Socio economic status (by asset score level) |
|
|
|
|
|
| Level 1 (poorest) |
87 (75.7) |
112 (25.0) |
Referent |
|
|
| Level 2 |
20 (17.4) |
112 (25.0) |
0.22 |
0.11 - 0.42 |
<0.0001 |
| Level 3 |
7 (6.1) |
112 (25.0) |
0.09 |
0.03 - 0.23 |
<0.0001 |
| Level 4 (least poor) | 1 (0.9) | 112 (25.0) | 0.01 | 0.001 - 0.08 | <0.0001 |
* Proportion (%) unless specified otherwise.
† OR, odds ratio; ‡CI, confidence interval with ‘ward’ as random effect.