Table 5. Antibiotic resistance of stool isolates before and after intervention.

			CFPM-resistant
		Total No.	Rate (n) of isolates	Rate (n) of isolates	Rate (n) of isolates	Rate (n) of isolates	Rate (n) of isolates
Organism		of isolates	resistant to CFPM	producing ESBL	resistant to MEPM	resistant to PIPC/TAZ	resistant to CPFX
Gram-negative, total	Before	89	8.5 (20)a	7.7 (18)b	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	14.9 (35)c
	After	157	0.9 (4)a	0.9 (4)b	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	5.7 (26)c
Escherichia coli	Before	45	6.4 (15)d	5.5 (13)e	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	14.0 (33)f
	After	53	0.9 (4)d	0.9 (4)e	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	5.0 (23)f
Klebsiella pneumoniae	Before	19	1.3 (3)g	1.3 (3)h	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)
	After	52	0.0 (0)g	0.0 (0)h	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	0.7 (3)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Before	5	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)
	After	4	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)
Other	Before	20	0.9 (2)	0.9 (2)	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	0.9 (2)
	After	48	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)

Rate indicates number of positive cultures per 1000 patient days.

^{a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h} P-value shows statistical comparison for each variable between patients receiving pre-intervention and those receiving intervention.

^a p<0.0001,

^b p<0.0001,

^c p<0.01.

^d p<0.0001,

^e p<0.001,

^f p<0.001,

^g p<0.05,

^h p<0.05.

CFPM, cefepime; ESBL, extended-spectrum β-lactamase; MEPM, meropenem; PIPC/TAZ, piperacillin-tazobactam; CPFX, ciprofloxacin.