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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Alzheimers Dis. 2013 Jan 1;33(4):1135–1146. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2012-121822

Fig. 8.

Fig. 8

How a cholinergic agonist affects cell bioenergetics. Muscarinic receptor binding initiates an IP3-mediated release of ER calcium. Calcium released from the ER accesses mitochondrial matrices, depolarizes mitochondrial matrices, and enhances mitochondrial respiratory chain flux. This increases mitochondrial ATP production and oxygen consumption. Calcium released to the cytosol is returned to the ER by ATP-dependent SERCA pumps, which consumes cytosolic ATP, accelerates glycolysis, and promotes AMPK phosphorylation. PI, phosphoinositide.