Table 1.
NETosis-inducing agents.
| NETosis inducer | In vitro | In vivo | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| BACTERIA | |||
| Escherichia coli (P4 strain) | 10 MOI; bovine | – | Clark et al., 2007; Grinberg et al. 2008; Yost et al., 2009 |
| 0.01 MOI; human | – | ||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA01) | 0.1–10 MOI; human | 1 × 106 CFU/mouse | Douda et al., 2011b; Young et al., 2011 |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 0.01–10 MOI; human | – | Brinkmann et al., 2004; Pilsczek et al., 2010 |
| Shigella flexneri | 0.01 MOI; human | 2.5–3.0 × 1010/rabbit | Brinkmann et al., 2004 |
| Salmonella enteric | 0.01 MOI; human | – | Brinkmann et al., 2004 |
| Group A Streptococcus | 0.1 MOI; human | 5 × 107–2 × 108 CFU/mouse | Buchanan et al., 2006; Crotty Alexander et al., 2010 |
| Streptococcus pneumonia | 0.01 MOI; human | 1 × 107/mouse | Beiter et al., 2006 |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 0.1–10 MOI; human | – | Ramos-Kichik et al., 2009 |
| PROTOZOA | |||
| Leishmania amazonensis | 10 MOI; human | – | Guimarães-Costa et al., 2009 |
| Leishmania donovani | 10 MOI; human | – | Gabriel et al., 2010 |
| Toxoplasma gondii | 250 mU/ml; human, mouse | 5 × 107/mouse | Abi Abdallah et al., 2012 |
| Eimeria bovis | 0.2 (sporozoites) MOI; bovine | – | Behrendt et al., 2010 |
| FUNGI | |||
| Aspergillus fumigates | 5 (conidia) MOI; human | – | Bruns et al., 2010 |
| Candida albicans | 0.01 MOI; human | – | Urban et al., 2006 |
| Aspergillus nidulans | 0.5 (conidia) MOI; human | – | Bianchi et al., 2009 |
| VIRUS | |||
| Human immunodeficiency virus (p24 antigen) | 1.0–2.4 ng/ml; human | – | Saitoh et al., 2012 |
| Influenza A virus H1N1 | 20 MOI; human | 100–500 PFU/mouse | Narasaraju et al., 2011 |
| Influenza A virus H3N2 | 2 MOI; mouse | 2 × 105 PFU/mouse | Ng et al., 2012 |
| HOST FACTORS | |||
| GM-CSF + C5a | 25 ng/ml GM-CSF + 10−7 M C5a | – | Yousefi et al., 2009 |
| IL-8 (CXCL8) | 2.5–10 ng/ml; human | – | Gupta et al., 2005 |
| MIP-2 (CXCL2) | 100 nM; human | – | Marcos et al., 2010, 2011 |
| Singlet oxygen | 10 μg/ml Photofrin; human | – | Nishinaka et al., 2011 |
| Platelet activating factor (PAF) | 10−10 − 10−7 M; human | – | Yost et al., 2009 |
| Syncytiotrophoblast microparticles (STBM) | 150 μg/ml; human | – | Gupta et al., 2005 |
| OTHERS | |||
| Glucose oxidase | 200–1000 mU/ml; human | – | Yost et al., 2009 |
| Calcium ionophore (ionomycin) | 5 μg/ml; zebrafish 4 μM; human | – | Palić et al., 2007a; Neeli et al., 2008 |
| Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) | 25–100 nM; human | – | Brinkmann et al., 2004; Remijsen et al., 2011 |
| Bacterial component LPS, Panton-Valentine leukocidin | 100 ng/ml; human | 5–25 μg/mouse | Brinkmann et al., 2004; Clark et al., 2007; Pilsczek et al., 2010; Douda et al., 2011b |