Table 1.
Geometric mean (GSD) of average urinary BPA concentrations (μg/g creatinine) during pregnancy by demographic characteristics in CHAMACOS study participants.
| Characteristic | Maternal TH analyses (n = 335) | Neonatal TSH analyses (n = 364) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | GM (GSD) | n (%) | GM (GSD) | |||||
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 18–24 | 158 (47) | 1.3 (2.0) | 186 (51) | 1.3 (1.9) | ||||
| 25–29 | 109 (33) | 1.3 (1.8) | 105 (29) | 1.3 (1.8) | ||||
| 30–34 | 44 (13) | 1.1 (2.2) | 47 (13) | 1.2 (2.2) | ||||
| 35–45 | 24 (7) | 1.5 (2.3) | 26 (7) | 1.8 (2.9) | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Caucasian | 7 (2) | 1.6 (2.0) | 4 (1) | 1.0 (1.5) | ||||
| Latino | 321 (96) | 1.3 (2.0) | 351 (96) | 1.3 (2.0) | ||||
| Other | 7 (2) | 1.8 (1.7) | 9 (3) | 2.0 (1.7) | ||||
| Education | ||||||||
| ≤ 6th grade | 141 (42) | 1.2 (2.0) | 153 (42) | 1.3 (2.0) | ||||
| 7–12th grade | 117 (35) | 1.3 (2.1) | 130 (36) | 1.3 (2.2) | ||||
| ≥ High school | 77 (23) | 1.3 (1.9) | 81 (22) | 1.3 (1.8) | ||||
| Family income | ||||||||
| ≤ Poverty line | 205 (61) | 1.2 (2.0) | 217 (60) | 1.3 (2.1) | ||||
| Poverty line to 200% | 117 (35) | 1.3 (2.0) | 133 (37) | 1.3 (2.0) | ||||
| > Poverty line | 13 (4) | 1.7 (1.6) | 14 (4) | 1.8 (1.6) | ||||
| Country of birth | ||||||||
| United States | 41 (12) | 1.4 (2.0) | 51 (14) | 1.5 (2.1) | ||||
| Mexico | 287 (86) | 1.2 (2.0) | 305 (84) | 1.3 (2.0) | ||||
| Other | 7 (2) | 1.6 (1.8) | 8 (2) | 1.5 (2.0) | ||||
| Time in United States (years) | ||||||||
| ≤ 1 | 84 (25) | 1.2 (1.9) | 89 (24) | 1.1 (1.9) | ||||
| 2–5 | 99 (30) | 1.2 (2.1) | 96 (26) | 1.2 (2.1) | ||||
| 6–10 | 77 (23) | 1.3 (1.9) | 87 (24) | 1.3 (2.0) | ||||
| ≥ 11 | 41 (12) | 1.4 (2.1) | 50 (14) | 1.6 (2.2) | ||||
| Entire life | 34 (10) | 1.5 (2.1) | 42 (12) | 1.5 (2.1)* | ||||
| Parity | ||||||||
| 0 | 111 (33) | 1.2 (1.9) | 134 (37) | 1.2 (1.9) | ||||
| ≥ 1 | 224 (67) | 1.3 (2.0) | 230 (63) | 1.4 (2.1) | ||||
| Smoking during pregnancy | ||||||||
| Yes | 23 (7) | 1.5 (2.0) | 17 (5) | 1.4 (2.1) | ||||
| No | 312 (93) | 1.2 (2.0) | 347 (95) | 1.3 (2.0) | ||||
| Alcohol during pregnancy | ||||||||
| Yes | 4 (1) | 1.1 (1.5) | 3 (1) | 1.6 (1.0) | ||||
| No | 331 (99) | 1.3 (2.0) | 361 (99) | 1.3 (2.0) | ||||
| Illegal drug use during pregnancy | ||||||||
| Yes | 5 (2) | 1.3 (1.3) | 5 (1) | 2.1 (1.7) | ||||
| No | 330 (98) | 1.3 (2.0) | 359 (99) | 1.3 (2.0) | ||||
| Prepregnancy body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||||
| < 25 | 128 (40) | 1.3 (2.0) | 136 (38) | 1.4 (2.1) | ||||
| 25–30 | 128 (40) | 1.2 (1.9) | 138 (39) | 1.2 (1.8) | ||||
| > 30 | 66 (21) | 1.3 (2.3) | 82 (23) | 1.4 (2.2) | ||||
| Infant characteristics | ||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 188 (52) | 1.3 (1.9) | ||||||
| Female | 176 (48) | 1.3 (2.1) | ||||||
| Birth weight (g) | ||||||||
| < 2,500 | 13 (4) | 1.6 (1.6) | ||||||
| 2,500–3,500 | 189 (52) | 1.2 (1.9) | ||||||
| > 3,500 | 162 (45) | 1.3 (2.2) | ||||||
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) | ||||||||
| < 37 | 21 (6) | 1.6 (1.9) | ||||||
| 37–42 | 343 (94) | 1.3 (2.0) | ||||||
| > 42 | 0 (0) | — (—) | ||||||
| *p < 0.05 based on analysis of variance (ANOVA). | ||||||||