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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jan 16.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Host Microbe. 2013 Jan 16;13(1):67–76. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.11.009

Figure 5. p38 Inhibition Improves Viability of CVB3-infected Cells Independently of ERK1/2 Signaling.

Figure 5

(A) Representative flow-cytometry profile of CVB3-infected cardiomyocytes labeled with amine-reactive dye. Dye-positive cells (pink) are considered non-viable.

(B) SB and SB+PD inhibit CVB3-induced cytotoxicity.

(C–G) Representative images of amine-labeled adherent CVB3-infected cardiomyocytes pretreated with SB, PD, or SB+PD. Right panel of (D) shows an enlarged image highlighting vesiculated-necrotic cells (ves) and apoptotic cells (apop).

Cells were pretreated with SB203580 (SB, 20 μM), PD184352 (PD, 2 μM), or SB+PD for one hour and infected with sham or CVB3 at M.O.I. = 9. Cells were labeled with amine-reactive dye, and monitored by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy. For (B), data are shown as the mean ± s.e.m. of four biological replicates. Asterisk indicates p < 0.05 by Welch's one-sided t test. For (C–G), scale bar is 20 μm.