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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pharmacogenomics. 2012 Sep;13(12):1387–1404. doi: 10.2217/pgs.12.126

Figure 4. Pharmacogenetic categories of asthma phenotypes.

Figure 4

Combined effects of genetic and environmental variation categorically affect drug and target response in four distinct ways: pharmacokinetics (therapeutic concentrations at the target site), pharmacodynamics (drug–target interactions), idiosyncratic drug reactions (immune hypersensitivity and drug–drug interactions) and genetic variation related to the natural history of the disease (pathogenesis and symptomatic response).

IDR: Idiosyncratic drug reaction; NHD: Natural history of the disease; PD: Pharmacodynamic; PK: Pharmacokinetic.