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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Top Curr Chem. 2013;329:163–177. doi: 10.1007/128_2012_339

Table 1.

Summary of Clinical Intervention Trials with Broccoli Sprouts in Qidong

Agent Dose and
Schedule		 Size
(duration)		 Biomarker
Modulation		 References
Broccoli
Sprout
GRR

  • 225 μmol GRR

 12
(1 day)		 Bioavailability study
only: ~5% administered
GR recovered in urine
as SF metabolites		 unpublished
Broccoli
Sprout
GRR

  • Placebo, q.d.

  • 400 μmol GRR

 200
(14 days)		 9% decrease in urinary
excretion of AFB-N7-
gua DNA adducts at 10
days; 10% decrease in
pollutant PheT excretion		 [25]
Broccoli
Sprout
GRR ↔
SFR
Cross-
over

  • Run-in → GRR (800 μ mol) → wash-out → SFR (150 μmol)

  • Run-in → SFR → wash-out → GRR

 50
(24 days)		 Glucoraphanin and
sulforaphane elimination
pharmacokinetics;
20-50% increases in
urinary excretion of
mercapturic acid (NAC)
conjugates of air pollutants:
acrolein, ethylene
oxide, crotonaldehyde,
benzene		 [64,65]
Broccoli
Sprout
GRR +
SFR
Blend

  • Placebo

  • GRR (600 μmol) + SFR (40 μmol)

 291
(12 weeks)		 Biomarker analyses in
progress: primary endpoints
are urinary bi-
omarkers of food- and
air-borne toxins and
pollutants		 unpublished