Table 1.
Disease entity | Species | Area(s) of endemicity | Predominant reservoir(s) | Human seroprevalence and case severity | Animal seroprevalence | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
American babesiosis | Babesia microti | NY, NJ, MA, NH, MN, CT, WI, DE, RI, VT, MD | White-footed mouse, rodents, shrews | 1,092 cases in 2011; 0.9–1.1% in CT and 1.4% in MA | 25% in white-footed mouse in CT | 97–100 |
B. duncani | WA, CA | Unknown | 7 confirmed cases, subclinical to severe; 2% in WA and 2.04% in multiple regions of the U.S. | 101–105 | ||
CA1–CA4 | WA, CA | Unknown | 4 confirmed cases, severe to fatal | 106 | ||
B. divergens-like | KY, MO, WA | Cottontail rabbits | 3 confirmed cases, severe to fatal | 50% in Texas cottontail rabbits, 27.8% in jackrabbits | 107–110 | |
B. conradae | CA | Dog | 9 suspected cases | 1.1% in dogs in CA shelters | 111 | |
European babesiosis | B. divergens | Europe | Cattle | 40 confirmed cases, 42% mortality, severe to fatal | 10.7–20% in cows in Belgium, 27% in cows in Norway, 7% in cows in France, 17.4% in cows in Italy, 28.3% in deera | 112–116 |
B. microti | Germany, Africa | Meadow vole, rodents, shrews | 1 confirmed case, moderate severity, 5.4% in Germany | 22% in nonhuman primates in Kenya | 117, 118 | |
B. venatorum | Austria, Italy, Germany, France, Slovenia | Deer | 3 confirmed cases, moderate to severe | 23% in deer in Francea, 21.6% in deer in Slovenia, 0.9% in deer in Italy | 115, 119–122 | |
B. divergens-like | Portugal | Unknown | 1 reported case, asplenic, fatal | 123 | ||
B. bovis | Africa, America, Asia, Australia, Europe | Cattle, buffalo | 2 reported cases, 100% mortality, Spain and the former Yugoslaviab | 45.4% in cows in Italy, 35.3% in cows in South Africa, 73.8% in cows in Thailand, 79% in cows in Portugal, 26% in cows in Puerto Rico, 63.7–95.5% in cows in Brazil | 116, 124–130 | |
B. canis canis | Europe | Dog, cat? | 1 reported case, nonfatalb | 34% in dogs in Italy, 2.4% in dogs in Croatia, 4–33% in dogs in France | 125, 131–133 |
The prevalences in these studies were quantified by using PCR rather than serology.
Unverified cases reviewed previously by Gorenflot et al. (125).