Table 1.

Geographic locations and host seroprevalences of Babesia spp.

Disease entity	Species	Area(s) of endemicity	Predominant reservoir(s)	Human seroprevalence and case severity	Animal seroprevalence	Reference(s)
American babesiosis	Babesia microti	NY, NJ, MA, NH, MN, CT, WI, DE, RI, VT, MD	White-footed mouse, rodents, shrews	1,092 cases in 2011; 0.9–1.1% in CT and 1.4% in MA	25% in white-footed mouse in CT	97–100
	B. duncani	WA, CA	Unknown	7 confirmed cases, subclinical to severe; 2% in WA and 2.04% in multiple regions of the U.S.		101–105
	CA1–CA4	WA, CA	Unknown	4 confirmed cases, severe to fatal		106
	B. divergens-like	KY, MO, WA	Cottontail rabbits	3 confirmed cases, severe to fatal	50% in Texas cottontail rabbits, 27.8% in jackrabbits	107–110
	B. conradae	CA	Dog	9 suspected cases	1.1% in dogs in CA shelters	111
European babesiosis	B. divergens	Europe	Cattle	40 confirmed cases, 42% mortality, severe to fatal	10.7–20% in cows in Belgium, 27% in cows in Norway, 7% in cows in France, 17.4% in cows in Italy, 28.3% in deera	112–116
	B. microti	Germany, Africa	Meadow vole, rodents, shrews	1 confirmed case, moderate severity, 5.4% in Germany	22% in nonhuman primates in Kenya	117, 118
	B. venatorum	Austria, Italy, Germany, France, Slovenia	Deer	3 confirmed cases, moderate to severe	23% in deer in Francea, 21.6% in deer in Slovenia, 0.9% in deer in Italy	115, 119–122
	B. divergens-like	Portugal	Unknown	1 reported case, asplenic, fatal		123
	B. bovis	Africa, America, Asia, Australia, Europe	Cattle, buffalo	2 reported cases, 100% mortality, Spain and the former Yugoslaviab	45.4% in cows in Italy, 35.3% in cows in South Africa, 73.8% in cows in Thailand, 79% in cows in Portugal, 26% in cows in Puerto Rico, 63.7–95.5% in cows in Brazil	116, 124–130
	B. canis canis	Europe	Dog, cat?	1 reported case, nonfatalb	34% in dogs in Italy, 2.4% in dogs in Croatia, 4–33% in dogs in France	125, 131–133

^aThe prevalences in these studies were quantified by using PCR rather than serology.

^bUnverified cases reviewed previously by Gorenflot et al. (125).