Table 2.

Geographic locations, hosts, and companion animal seroprevalences of Leishmania spp.

Disease entity	Species	Area(s) of endemicity	Predominant reservoir(s)	Canine seroprevalence	Reference(s)
Cutaneous leishmaniasis	Leishmania major	Middle East, northwestern China, northwestern India, Pakistan, Africa	Gerbil species, jird, fat sand rat	Egypt, 3 cases; Saudi Arabia, 3 cases	226–233
	L. aethiopica	Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia	Rock hyrax		234, 235
	L. mexicana	Central America, Mexico, TX	Yucatan deer mouse, tree rat, other rodents	Mexico, 30.2%, 10.5%a; TX, 8 casesa	236–241
	L. amazonensis	Brazil	Various forest rodents (grass, pygmy mice)	Brazil, 1 case	242, 243
	L. tropica	Mediterranean, Middle East, western Asia, Indian subcontinent	Human, foxes, golden jackals, hyrax, dogs	Morocco, 8 cases	244–248
	L. braziliensis	Central, South America	Forest mammals, marsupial species, opossum	Mexico, 8.2%, 11.57%a; Brazil, 2–3%	240, 241, 249–252
	L. guyanensis	Guyana, Suriname, northern Amazon basin	Two-toed sloth, forest mammals, marsupial species, opossum	Colombia, 2.2%	253, 254
	L. peruviana	Peru, Argentinean highlands	Dog?	Peru, 1.8%b	255
	L. shawi	Brazil	Cebus monkeys, sloths, procyonids		256
	L. lainsoni	Brazil, Bolivia, Peru	Lowland paca, rodents		257
	L. naiffi	Brazil, French Guyana, Ecuador, Peru	Armadillos		258
	L. venezuelensis	Venezuela	Unknown, cat?	Venezuela, 6 casesa	259
	L. panamensis	Panama, Costa Rica, Colombia	Sloths, kinkajous, marsupial species, opossum	Colombia, 12 cases; Panama, 3.3%; Ecuador, 2 cases	260–264
Visceral leishmaniasis	L. donovani	Indian subcontinent, northern and eastern China, Pakistan, Nepal, eastern Africa, Sudan, Kenya	Human, dogs, goats	Sudan, 2 cases; Ethiopia, 14.8%; India, 6.5%	265–268
	L. infantum (syn., L. chagasi)	Middle East, Mediterranean basin, northern and northwestern China, northern and sub-Saharan Africa, Central and South America	Dogs, foxes, jackals, wolves	Mexico, 11.9%, 22.10%a; Brazil, 7.14–57%; Portugal, 4.3–25.2%; Spain, 8.1–13%; Italy, 2.6%; France, 4–8%; Greece, 2–30%; Uzbekistan, 32.1%; Turkey, 20.7%; China, 23.5–28.2%; Iran, 14.2%, 10%a,b; Jerusalem, 6.7%a; Senegal, >40%	240, 241, 248, 250, 269–295

^aFeline seroprevalence.

^bPrevalence was measured as positivity on skin or splenic biopsy specimens and culture.