Table 1.

Effects of fluid deprivation (FD condition) compared with controlled water intake (CTRL condition) on saliva osmolality, blood osmolality and heart rate^* (Mean values, standard errors and 95 % confidence intervals)

		Observed values	Statistical comparisons FD minus CTRL
		CTRL condition	FD condition	FD minus CTRL	FD minus CTRL
Parameters	Time points	Mean	se	Mean	se	Estimate	P	95 % CI
Saliva osmolality (mOsm/kg)	Baseline	60·1	2·3	57·3	2·6	4·4736	NS	− 0·413, 9·36
	06.30 hours	74·1	5·5	74·8	5·2	0·7037	NS	− 7·75, 9·158
	12.30 hours	56·4	2·6	59·8	2·1	3·0237	NS	− 5·427, 11·474
	18.00 hours	58·9	2·2	68·6	3·6	9·6932	0·025	1·239, 18·147
Plasma osmolality (mOsm/kg)	Baseline	295·45	1·8	294·15	1·9	2·25	NS	− 1·545, 6·045
	07.00 hours	297·75	2·0	297·35	1·8	− 0·4	NS	− 5·768, 4·968
	18.00 hours	297·2	1·9	302·1	1·8	4·9	NS	− 0·468, 10·268
Heart rate, supine (bpm)	Baseline ‡	69·0	2·1	70·3	2·4	2·4	0·0274	0·272, 4·528
	07.00 hours†	68·4	1·9	69·7	1·8	1·35	NS	− 2·336, 5·036
	12.30 hours†	67·6	1·4	69·0	2·1	1·35	NS	− 2·336, 5·036
	17.30 hours†	63·8	1·7	68·3	2·0	4·5	0·0172	0·814, 8·186
Heart rate, standing (bpm)	Baseline ‡	82·4	2·2	85·4	3·2	5·7167	0·011	2·339, 9·094
	07.00 hours†	87·5	2·3	92·6	3·7	5·1		− 0·75, 10·95
	12.30 hours†	85·8	2·6	91·4	2·8	5·55		− 0·3, 11·4
	17.30 hours†	83·0	2·4	89·5	3·2	6·5	0·0298	0·65, 12·35

bpm, Beats per min.

^*Statistical comparisons were performed using ANOVA or ANCOVA.

^†Analyses done on changes from baseline for heart rate; baseline corresponds to measures on day 1 before water intake and dinner.

^‡Baseline corresponds to measures on day 0 before water intake and dinner.