Table 3.
Endoscopic studies reporting the associations between heterotopic gastric mucosa of the proximal esophagus and other endoscopic findings with special attention to Barrett’s esophagus n (%)
| Ref. | Prevalence of HGMPE | Findings |
| Positive association | ||
| Avidan et al[4] | 53 (1.1) | Significantly more reflux esophagitis (77 vs 50, P = 0.023), Barrett’s esophagus (34 vs 9, P < 0.001), hiatus hernia (49 vs 30, P < 0.05) and gastric ulcer (P < 0.05) On multivariate analysis, hiatus hernia, gastric ulcer and Barrett’s esophagus remained significant |
| Alagozlu et al[23] | 68 (1) | Significantly more (P < 0.05) endoscopic Barrett’s esophagus in patients with HGM (13.2 vs 2.4) but not with reflux esophagitis (10.3 vs 9.5) Hiatus hernia and duodenal ulcer were reported in 13.2% and 10.3% respectively but no comparisons were made |
| 1Neumann et al[24] | 870 (0.18) | Significantly more Barrett’s mucosa on biopsy (9.7 vs 6.5, P < 0.001), adenocarcinoma arising from Barrett’s mucosa (3.6 vs 0.7, P < 0.01) and reflux esophagitis (41.8 vs 49.7, P < 0.001) |
| Yuksel et al[27] | 171 (1.8) | Significantly more reflux esophagitis (25.1 vs 5.6, P < 0.001) and histologically proven Barrett’s esophagus (3.5 vs 0.5, P < 0.000) No difference in hiatus hernia |
| No association | ||
| Borhan-Monesh et al[3] | 64 (10) | No significant difference (all P = NS) between reflux esophagitis (34.3 vs 38.1) and Barrett’s esophagus |
| Chong et al[8] | 26 (5.6) | No significant difference (all P = NS) between esophageal, gastric and duodenal findings including Barrett’s esophagus (3.8 vs 3.7), hiatus hernia (15.4 vs 12.2) and ulcers |
| Akbayir et al[15] | 11 (1.67) | No significant difference (all P = NS): Barrett’s esophagus (0 vs 0.9), hiatus hernia (0 vs 10), reflux esophagitis (27 vs 16) and duodenal ulcer (9 vs 7) |
| 2Poyrazoglu et al[22] | 33 (3.6) | No significant difference (all P = NS): Barrett’s esophagus (0 vs 0.8), hiatus hernia (3 vs 9.1), reflux esophagitis (36.4 vs 34.8), gastric ulcer (3 vs 3) and duodenal ulcer (6.1 vs 6.8) |
| Weickert et al[25] | 33 (11) | Overall prevalence: hiatus hernia (n = 92, 30.7%), reflux esophagitis (n = 41, 13.7%), Barrett’s esophagus (n = 3, 1%), gastric ulcer (n = 24, 8%) and duodenal ulcer (n = 22, 7%), all P = NS |
| Jacobs et al[28] | 33 (4.9) | Significant difference for reflux esophagitis (27.3 vs 11.4) but not for hiatus hernia (15.2 vs 12.5), Barrett’s esophagus (6.1 vs 1.1) and any gastric or duodenal ulcer (15.2 vs 6.1) |
Studies included are those with more than 10 patients with heterotopic gastric mucosa of the proximal esophagus (HGMPE).
1
The study by Neumann et al was based on analysis clinic-pathologic records of patients who had undergone upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsies between January 2008 and December 2010 in private outpatient clinics and endoscopy centres in the United States;
2
The study by Poyrazoglu et al compared the prevalence of other endoscopic findings between 33 patients with HGMPE with 132 matched controls without HGMPE. NS: Not significant.