Table 3.

Association between the prevalence of dental caries and black stains in children aged 5 in Pelotas, Brazil (logistic regression analysis, n = 1,120)

Variable/category	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	<p	OR (95% CI)	<p	OR (95% CI)	<p
Sex		0.051		0.030		0.046		0.006
Male	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
Female	0.78 (0.62–0.99)		0.76 (0.60–0.97)		0.76 (0.59–0.98)		0.68 (0.52–0.88)
Family income at birth	–			0.002		0.003		0.001
1st quartile			1.00		1.00		1.00
2nd quartile			0.85 (0.60–1.19)		0.93 (0.66–1.32)		1.06 (0.74–1.50)
3rd quartile			0.63 (0.45–0.89)		0.65 (0.46–0.93)		0.75 (0.52–1.07)
4th quartile			0.59 (0.39–0.89)		0.63 (0.41–0.96)		0.55 (0.35–0.87)
Mother's educational level at birth, years	–			<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
≤4			1.00		1.00		1.00
5–8			0.86 (0.58–1.27)		0.93 (0.62–1.39)		0.86 (0.58–1.28)
9–11			0.61 (0.41–0.93)		0.71 (0.46–1.10)		0.66 (0.43–1.02)
≥12			0.44 (0.25–0.77)		0.56 (0.31–1.02)		0.29 (0.15–0.56)
Sweet consumption	–		–			0.004		0.002
Less than once a day					1.00		1.00
Once a day					0.89 (0.64–1.24)		0.89 (0.63–1.26)
Twice a day					1.14 (0.78–1.62)		1.13 (0.78–1.65)
Three times or more a day					1.90 (1.30–2.76)		1.90 (1.31–2.76)
Sweet drinks consumption	–		–			0.030		–
Less than once a day					1.00		–
Once a day					0.77 (0.53–1.13)
Twice a day					0.89 (0.60–1.31)
Three times or more a day					1.46 (1.07–2.00)
Black stains		0.192		0.055		0.050		0.021
No	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
Yes	0.63 (0.33–1.22)		0.52 (0.26–0.99)		0.49 (0.25–0.96)		0.41 (0.19–0.87)

Model 1: adjusted by gender; model 2: adjusted by model 1 + maternal education + family income; model 3: adjusted by model 2 + sweet consumption frequency (candies and drinks); model 4: final model (model 3) with dmfs ≥3 as the outcome.

p value of Hosmer-Lemeshow test: model 3 = 0.834; model 4 = 0.557. Pseudo R2: model 3 = 0.060; model 4 = 0.07.