Table 3.
Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 and inflammatory markers of patients with coronary heart disease (n = 75) after consumption of placebo (group A, n = 25), grape extract (GE, group B, n = 25) or resveratrol-containing grape extract (GE-RES, group C, n = 25) for 12 months
| Experimental values after 6 months | Experimental values after 12 months | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | A | B | C | |
| High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, mg/L | 3.5 ± 2.1 | 3.2 ± 1.6 | 3.6 ± 3.7 | 4.0 ± 1.8 | 3.6 ± 2.2 | 3.2 ± 2.1 |
| p-value 0–6 months | 0.21 | 0.67 | 0.09‡, ↓8 % | |||
| p-value 6–12 months | 0.13 | 0.56 | 0.40 | |||
| p-value 0–12 months | 0.66 | 0.95 | 0.17 | |||
| Tumor necrosis factor-α, pg/mL | 14.5 ± 9.2 | 14.4 ± 8.6 | 14.4 ± 8.6 | 15.2 ± 7.0 | 14.7 ± 9.9 | 13.8 ± 8.2 |
| p-value 0–6 months | 0.63 | 0.93 | 0.56 | |||
| p-value 6–12 months | 0.38 | 0.75 | 0.30 | |||
| p-value 0–12 months | 0.49 | 0.76 | 0.15 | |||
| Adiponectin, μg/mL | 11.4 ± 6.8 | 12.0 ± 5.2 | 13.3 ± 5.6 | 9.6 ± 4.4 | 11.6 ± 4.8 | 13.6 ± 5.2 |
| p-value 0–6 months | 0.55 | 0.25 | 0.06‡, ↑7% | |||
| p-value 6–12 months | 0.00*, ↓16 % | 0.13 | 0.03*, ↑2% | |||
| p-value 0–12 months | 0.01*, ↓13 % | 0.48 | 0.01*, ↑10% | |||
| Interleukin-6, pg/mL | 2.6 ± 1.8 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 2.1 ± 1.7 | 2.6 ± 1.8 | 2.1 ± 1.6 | 2.1 ± 1.7 |
| p-value 0–6 months | 0.99 | 0.24 | 0.83 | |||
| p-value 6–12 months | 0.56 | 0.51 | 0.88 | |||
| p-value 0–12 months | 0.80 | 0.10‡, ↓5 % | 0.84 | |||
| Interleukin-10, pg/mL | 18.6 ± 13.3 | 22.2 ± 17.2 | 23.6 ± 17.0 | 18.3 ± 12.2 | 21.8 ± 16.9 | 23.3 ± 16.9 |
| p-value 0–6 months | 0.01*, ↓5 % | 0.40 | 0.42 | |||
| p-value 6–12 months | 0.55 | 0.33 | 0.93 | |||
| p-value 0–12 months | 0.03*, ↓7 % | 0.14 | 0.45 | |||
| Interleukin-6/Interleukin-10 | 0.15 ± 0.12 | 0.13 ± 0.11 | 0.11 ± 0.10 | 0.17 ± 0.14 | 0.13 ± 0.11 | 0.11 ± 0.10 |
| p-value 0–6 months | 0.64 | 0.24 | 0.24 | |||
| p-value 6–12 months | 0.10‡, ↑13% | 0.50 | 0.66 | |||
| p-value 0–12 months | 0.19 | 0.48 | 0.27 | |||
| Soluble CD40 ligand, ng/mL | 8.1 ± 3.4 | 6.5 ± 3.8 | 6.5 ± 2.8 | 7.5 ± 2.5 | 6.4 ± 3.3 | 6.2 ± 2.1 |
| p-value 0–6 months | 0.54 | 0.97 | 0.61 | |||
| p-value 6–12 months | 0.18 | 0.69 | 0.55 | |||
| p-value 0–12 months | 0.30 | 0.78 | 0.83 | |||
| Soluble adhesion vascular molecule type 1, ng/mL | 1101 ± 251 | 1039 ± 330 | 1071 ± 561 | 1111 ± 347 | 1087 ± 332 | 996 ± 443 |
| p-value 0–6 months | 0.07‡, ↑4% | 0.91 | 0.36 | |||
| p-value 6–12 months | 0.82 | 0.31 | 0.09‡, ↓7 % | |||
| p-value 0–12 months | 0.28 | 0.39 | 0.26 | |||
| Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, ng/mL | 23.5 ± 15.5 | 18.1 ± 10.2 | 13.6 ± 7.2 | 25.9 ± 15.0 | 18.6 ± 9.5 | 14.0 ± 7.0 |
| p-value 0–6 months | 0.02*, ↑26% | 0.55 | 0.05†, ↓21 % | |||
| p-value 6–12 months | 0.26 | 0.52 | 0.50 | |||
| p-value 0–12 months | 0.00*, ↑38% | 0.62 | 0.05†, ↓19 % | |||
Values are expressed as mean ± SD. Daily doses were 1 capsule (350 mg) from 0 to 6 months and 2 capsules (700 mg) from 6 to 12 months. A placebo group, B grape extract group (GE), C resveratrol-containing grape extract group (GE-RES). *p < 0.05; † p = 0.05. Tendencies (‡ p > 0.05–0.1) are also indicated. Inter-group differences (p < 0.05) were found in adiponectin after 12 months (A vs. C); and in plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 after 6 (A vs. C) and 12 months (A vs. B; A vs. C)