Table 4.
Predicted activation status of inflammation-related transcription factors of differentially expressed genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patient with coronary artery disease (CAD) after consumption of resveratrol-rich grape extract (GE-RES) for 12 months
| Transcription factor | Function | Predicted status | z-score | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) | Negative regulator of pro-inflammatory monocyte activation. Its effect is mediated through inhibition of nuclear factor-KB (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) pathways. Activation of KLF2 strongly induces thrombomodulin and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and reduces plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) expression. | Activated | 2.546 | 4 |
| Activator protein 1 (Ap-1) | Together with NF-κB is one major inflammation regulator. NF-κB and AP-1 coordinated actions propagate inflammation via promoting transcription of cytokines, chemokines, and other proinflammatory genes. | Inhibited | 3.423 | 40 |
| Proto-oncogen c-JUN (JUN) | Major component of the heterodimeric transcription factor AP-1; plays an important role in regulating cell growth, apoptosis, differentiation, and transformation. | Inhibited | 2.702 | 40 |
| Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF-2) | Component of the heterodimeric of AP-1; regulates the transcription of genes involved in in the stress response, cell growth and differentiation, and immune response. | Inhibited | 2.661 | 40 |
| CREB-binding protein (cAMP response element-binding) | Essential co-activator for nuclear receptors and several other classes of regulated transcription factors like NF-κB and AP-1. | Inhibited | 2.334 | 41 |
According to the Ingenuity Transcription Regulator Analysis (TRA). TRA examines the known targets of each transcription factor in the user’s dataset and compares their expression in the experimental samples relative to control to what is expected from the literature. TRA defines a quantity (z-score) that determines whether an upstream transcription factor has significantly more activated predictions than inhibited predictions (z > 0) or vice versa (z < 0), where significance means that the observed number of activated or inhibited predictions are unlikely relative to randomly chosen predictions (null hypothesis). In practice, the predicted activation status is only established when z-score >2 or < −2