Table 2.
Demographic characteristics from each of the eleven studies included in the present review
| Author | Study location | Sample size (n, % male) | Age (mean, SD, range) | Length of stay, days (mean, SD) | ISS score (mean, SD, range) | Mechanism of injury (%) | Injury type (%) | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aitken et al34 | Queensland, Australia | 194 (66% male) | 39 (range 29–56) | 8.5 (range 5–15) | 9 (range 5–14) | 42% MVA; 32% falls; 11% collisions; 15% other | 50% LE; 18% UE; 12% thorax; 11% head, face, and neck; 5% spine; and 4% pelvis/abdomen | 22 |
| Castillo et al39 | Texas, USA | 397 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 19.6% salvage tibia fractures; 28.7% articular fractures; 11.1% foot fractures; 13.8% soft tissue injuries; 1.7% foot amputations; 16.8% below knee amputations; 3.7% through knee amputations; 7.0% above knee amputations | 21 |
| Clay et al41 | Victoria, Australia | 150 | 37.7 (range 18–62) | NR | 88 participants with minor injuries (ISS 1–8), 69 with moderate injuries (ISS 9–15), and 11 with major injuries (ISS > 16) | 66.6% MVA or during employment | 3.6% spinal injuries only; 24.4% isolated LE injury; 19.6% isolated UE injuries; 17.8% multiple LE injuries; 5.4% multiple UE injuries 18.4% ORTHO injuries – multiple regions; 10.7% ORTHO and other injuries | 23 |
| Holmes et al37 | Melbourne, Australia | 290 (75.9% male) | NR | 10.8 (10.0) | 12.3 (SD = 8.5) | 57.6% MVA; 12.4% falls; 6.2% assaults | Injuries occurred predominantly in the extremities and chest | 21 |
| Jenewein et al33 | Zurich, Switzerland | 90 | 41.9 (SD = 13.2) | NR | NR | 58.9% MVA; 21.1% sports and leisure-time accidents; 14.4% during employment; 5.6% household accidents | NR | 23 |
| Mayou and Bryant35 | Oxford, UK | 507 (55% male) | Range 17–69; 596 were under the age of 30; 552 were over the age of 30 | Not admitted or no injury = 905; admitted 1–2 nights = 137; admitted 3+ nights = 106 | Range 0–19 (n = 216 over 4) | 52% MVA – driver; 21% MVA – passenger; 12% motorcyclist; 11% cyclist; 4% pedestrian | NR | 18 |
| Mayou and Bryant36 | Oxford, UK | 1148 (55% male) | 596 were under the age of 30; 552 were over the age of 30 | Not admitted or no injury = 905; admitted 1–2 nights = 137; admitted 3+ nights = 106 | Range 0–19 (n = 216 over 4) | 52% MVA – driver; 21% MVA – passenger; 12% motorcyclist; 11% cyclist; 4% pedestrian | NR | 18 |
| Michaels et al42 | USA | 165 (67% male) | 37.2 (SD = 1.1) | 9.6 (0.9) | 14.4 (SD = 0.6) | NR | 61% ORTHO injury; 66% multiple ORTHO injuries; 62% had LE ORTHO injuries | 22 |
| Norman et al38 | California, USA | 115 (63% male) | 36 | NR | NR | 66% MVA; 5% burns; 6% falls; 4% occupational injuries; 3% recreational injuries (eg, jet skiing); 10% stab wounds; 10% gunshot wounds; 3% assault | NR | 18 |
| Sanders et al40 | London, Canada | 40 (85% male) | 29 (range 17–65) | NR | NR | 72.5% MVA; 10% recreational/sports injuries; 17.5% falls | Isolated diaphyseal fractures of the femur | 18 |
| Williamson et al43 | Australia | 1290 (61% male) | Range 14–95 | 7 (range 3–13) | ISS was reported in lump above 15 and below 15 in an odds ratio analysis | 52% MVA; 34% falls; 1.5% horse-related activities; 0.2% firearms injuries; 18% household injuries | 24% isolated LE injuries; 7.9% isolated UE; 9.5% multiple LE injuries; 3.7% multiple UE injuries; 5.0% spinal injuries; 5.6% multiple ORTHO injuries; 44% ORTHO and other injuries | 21 |
Abbreviations: ISS, Injury Severity Scale; LE, lower extremity; MVA, motor vehicle accident; NR, not reported; ORTHO, orthopedic injury; SD, standard deviation; UE, upper extremity.