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. 2013 Jan;59(1):105–107.

Table 1. Models that describe levels of reflection, by reflective activity (ie, scale and iterative process).

MODELS LEVELS OF REFLECTION
Scales
 • Dewey1

  1. Content or process

  2. Premise or critical reflection
 • Boud et al2

  1. Association

  2. Integration

  3. Validation

  4. Appropriation
 • Mezirow4

  1. Habitual action

  2. Thoughtful action or understanding

  3. Reflection

  4. Critical reflection
 • Hatton and Smith8

  1. Description

  2. Descriptive reflection

  3. Dialogic reflection

  4. Critical reflection
 • Moon7

  1. Noticing

  2. Making sense

  3. Making meaning

  4. Working with meaning

  5. Transformative learning
Iterative process
 • Schön6

  1. Knowing-in-action

  2. Surprise

  3. Reflection–in–action

  4. Experimentation

  5. Reflection-on-action
 • Kolb13

  1. Experience

  2. Reflection

  3. Conceptualizing

  4. Action
 • Boud et al2

  1. Returning to experience

  2. Attending to feelings

  3. Reevaluation of experience