Table 2.
Comparison of resistance pattern of isolated bacteria of nosocomial origin in four-year period
| Antimicrobial agent/ microorganism |
Susceptibility |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sensitive; n (%) |
Intermediate; n (%) |
Resistant; n (%) |
||||||||||
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | |
| Amikacin | ||||||||||||
|
Acinetobacter |
8 |
13 |
7 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
9 |
6 |
9 |
8 |
|
Citrobacter |
4 |
5 |
11 |
N/A |
1 |
0 |
0 |
N/ |
7 |
7 |
20 |
N/ |
|
E.Coli |
62 |
85 |
53 |
26 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
A |
10 |
8 |
16 |
A |
|
Enterobacter |
20 |
34 |
25 |
13 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
4 |
|
Kelebsiella |
13 |
10 |
12 |
4 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
1 |
6 |
1 |
|
Proteus spp. |
8 |
4 |
13 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
|
Pseudomonas sp. |
9 |
18 |
12 |
11 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
3 |
11 |
6 |
|
Stenotrophomonas sp. |
9 |
40 |
83 |
25 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
11 |
31 |
29 |
24 |
| Total |
133 (69.6%) |
209 (78.3%) |
216 (69.2%) |
85 (64.4%) |
8 (4.2%) |
1 (0.3%) |
1 (0.3%) |
1 3 (2.3%) |
50 (26.2%) |
57 (21.3%) |
95 (30.4%) |
44 (33.3%) |
| Ampicillin/sulbactam | ||||||||||||
|
Acinetobacter |
1 |
5 |
11 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3 |
10 |
5 |
|
E.Coli |
3 |
6 |
15 |
7 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
12 |
49 |
15 |
|
Enterobacter |
5 |
3 |
9 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
15 |
1 |
|
Kelebsiella |
0 |
1 |
5 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
1 |
11 |
4 |
|
Proteus spp. |
1 |
2 |
11 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
|
Pseudomonas sp. |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
4 |
20 |
14 |
|
Stenotrophomonas sp. |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
9 |
19 |
5 |
2 |
| Total |
11 (35.5%) |
18 (29%) |
55 (32%) |
21 (32.8%) |
1 (3.2%) |
0 (0) |
3 (1.7%) |
2 (3.1%) |
19 (61.3%) |
44 (71%) |
114 (66.3%) |
41 (64.1%) |
| Ampicillin | ||||||||||||
|
E.Coli |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
22 |
25 |
0 |
|
Enterobacter |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
5 |
4 |
2 |
| Total |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
3 (9.4%) |
1 (33.3%) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
3 (100%) |
27 (100%) |
29 (90.6%) |
2 (66.7%) |
| Cotrimoxazole | ||||||||||||
|
Acinetobacter |
7 |
6 |
5 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
14 |
10 |
13 |
8 |
|
Citrobacter |
1 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
6 |
6 |
13 |
1 |
|
E.Coli |
21 |
19 |
24 |
8 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
49 |
59 |
47 |
20 |
|
Enterobacter |
12 |
24 |
21 |
8 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
11 |
13 |
7 |
4 |
|
Kelebsiella |
6 |
5 |
7 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
17 |
3 |
12 |
4 |
|
Proteus spp. |
4 |
2 |
4 |
3 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
3 |
9 |
1 |
|
Pseudomonas sp. |
0 |
7 |
4 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
13 |
11 |
20 |
14 |
|
Stenotrophomonas sp. |
22 |
78 |
107 |
35 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
10 |
| Total |
73 (38.2%) |
143 (57%) |
173 (58.2%) |
60 (49.2%) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.4%) |
1 (0.4%) |
0 (0) |
118 (61.8%) |
107 (42.6%) |
123 (41.4%) |
62 (51.8%) |
| Cefepim | ||||||||||||
|
E.Coli |
3 |
4 |
7 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3 |
5 |
1 |
|
Enterobacter |
0 |
4 |
5 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
6 |
2 |
1 |
|
Proteus spp. |
1 |
0 |
4 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
|
Pseudomonas sp. |
0 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
8 |
4 |
3 |
| Total |
4 (40%) |
8 (28.6%) |
18 (62.1%) |
5 (50%) |
0 (0) |
1 (3.6%) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
6 (60%) |
19 (67.9%) |
11 (37.9%) |
5 (50%) |
| Cefixime | ||||||||||||
|
Acinetobacter |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
7 |
3 |
1 |
|
E.Coli |
3 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
11 |
10 |
0 |
1 |
|
Enterobacter |
3 |
6 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
3 |
11 |
2 |
4 |
|
Proteus spp. |
1 |
0 |
4 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
|
Pseudomonas sp. |
0 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
8 |
4 |
3 |
| Total |
7 (25%) |
8 (40%) |
10 (52.6%) |
2 (16.7%) |
1 (3.6%) |
3 (15%) |
0 (0) |
1 (8.3%) |
20 (71.4%) |
9 (45%) |
9 (47.4%) |
9 (75%) |
| Cefotaxim | ||||||||||||
|
Acinetobacter |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
3 |
5 |
1 |
|
Citrobacter |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
|
Pseudomonas sp. |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
1 |
4 |
1 |
|
Stenotrophomonas sp. |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
8 |
3 |
1 |
| Total |
2 (10%) |
3 (18.7%) |
0 (0) |
3 (42.8%) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
18 (90%) |
13 (91.3%) |
14 (100%) |
4 (57.2%) |
| Ceftazidim | ||||||||||||
|
Acinetobacter |
0 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
8 |
5 |
2 |
|
E.Coli |
3 |
3 |
7 |
15 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
4 |
16 |
43 |
6 |
|
Enterobacter |
5 |
1 |
12 |
7 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
9 |
8 |
4 |
|
Kelebsiella |
2 |
1 |
6 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
7 |
2 |
|
Proteus spp. |
2 |
0 |
8 |
4 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
0 |
|
Pseudomonas sp. |
2 |
0 |
4 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
12 |
12 |
4 |
|
Stenotrophomonas sp. |
0 |
5 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
9 |
31 |
1 |
6 |
| Total |
14 (41.2%) |
10 (10.4%) |
40 (33.6%) |
33 (57.9%) |
0 (0) |
3 (3.1%) |
2 (1.7%) |
0 (0) |
20 (58.8%) |
83 (86.4%) |
77 (64.7%) |
24 (42.1%) |
| Ciprofloxacin | ||||||||||||
|
Acinetobacter |
9 |
4 |
7 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
8 |
8 |
13 |
6 |
|
E.Coli |
19 |
26 |
24 |
13 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
44 |
51 |
49 |
18 |
|
Enterobacter |
12 |
18 |
24 |
8 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
8 |
7 |
8 |
2 |
|
Kelebsiella |
6 |
4 |
10 |
4 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
20 |
7 |
20 |
7 |
|
Proteus spp. |
4 |
2 |
8 |
6 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
3 |
7 |
0 |
|
Pseudomonas sp. |
8 |
6 |
10 |
12 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
9 |
14 |
3 |
|
Stenotrophomonas sp. |
15 |
39 |
109 |
45 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Total |
73 (44.2%) |
99 (53.2%) |
192 (63.2%) |
80 (68.4%) |
2 (1.2%) |
2 (1.1%) |
1 (0.3%) |
0 (0) |
90 (54.5%) |
85 (45.7%) |
111 (36.5%) |
37 (31.6%) |
| Gentamicin | ||||||||||||
|
Acinetobacter |
5 |
9 |
4 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
9 |
2 |
6 |
5 |
|
E.Coli |
18 |
49 |
24 |
12 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
32 |
35 |
36 |
8 |
|
Enterobacter |
9 |
23 |
21 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
4 |
6 |
5 |
1 |
|
Kelebsiella |
7 |
4 |
10 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
11 |
5 |
5 |
3 |
|
Proteus spp. |
2 |
5 |
8 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Pseudomonas sp. |
5 |
12 |
1 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
7 |
10 |
2 |
|
Stenotrophomonas sp. |
8 |
31 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
9 |
3 |
0 |
| Total |
54 (43%) |
133 (66.5%) |
71 (51.1%) |
28 (58.3%) |
4 (3%) |
3 (1.5%) |
3 (2.2%) |
0 (0%) |
67 (54%) |
64 (32%) |
65 (46.8%) |
20 (51.7%) |
| Imipenem | ||||||||||||
|
Acinetobacter |
8 |
15 |
20 |
7 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
1 |
4 |
0 |
1 |
3 |
|
E.Coli |
25 |
47 |
77 |
29 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
|
Enterobacter |
12 |
30 |
31 |
13 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Kelebsiella |
10 |
8 |
19 |
8 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Proteus spp. |
7 |
6 |
17 |
6 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Pseudomonas sp. |
9 |
22 |
26 |
15 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
|
Stenotrophomona s sp. |
2 |
10 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
20 |
49 |
7 |
9 |
| Total |
73 (74.5%) |
132 (71.3%) |
192 (95%) |
80 (82.5%) |
0 (0) |
4 (2.2%) |
1 (0.5%) |
1 (1%) |
25 (25.5%) |
49 (26.5%) |
9 (4.5%) |
16 (16.5%) |
| Nitrofurantoin | ||||||||||||
|
Acinetobacter |
2 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
3 |
0 |
2 |
|
E.Coli |
31 |
68 |
39 |
10 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
11 |
11 |
1 |
|
Enterobacter |
4 |
8 |
8 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
8 |
3 |
0 |
|
Kelebsiella |
5 |
2 |
5 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
|
Proteus spp. |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
|
Pseudomonas sp. |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
8 |
3 |
5 |
| Total |
44 (75.9%) |
81 (69.8%) |
53 (69.7%) |
14 (56%) |
2 (3.5%) |
2 (1.7%) |
2 (2.6%) |
0 (0) |
12 (20.7%) |
33 (28.5%) |
21 (27.6%) |
11 (44%) |
| Piperacillin | ||||||||||||
|
Acinetobacter |
2 |
4 |
N/A |
0 |
1 |
0 |
N/A |
0 |
5 |
3 |
N/A |
3 |
|
E.Coli |
2 |
0 |
N/A |
1 |
0 |
0 |
N/A |
0 |
18 |
4 |
N/A |
0 |
|
Enterobacter |
9 |
14 |
N/A |
6 |
0 |
0 |
N/A |
0 |
2 |
4 |
N/A |
1 |
|
Kelebsiella |
3 |
2 |
N/A |
1 |
0 |
0 |
N/A |
0 |
6 |
4 |
N/A |
0 |
| Total |
16 (33.3%) |
20 (57.1%) |
N/A |
8 (66.7%) |
1 (2.1%) |
0 (0) |
N/A |
0 (0) |
31 (64.6%) |
15 (42.9%) |
N/A |
4 (33.3%) |
| Ceftriaxone | ||||||||||||
|
Acinetobacter |
1 |
6 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
15 |
13 |
10 |
9 |
|
E.Coli |
17 |
40 |
16 |
13 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
51 |
50 |
55 |
17 |
|
Enterobacter |
9 |
19 |
19 |
10 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
9 |
12 |
8 |
5 |
|
Kelebsiella |
3 |
3 |
5 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
16 |
6 |
13 |
4 |
|
Proteus spp. |
5 |
3 |
14 |
6 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
|
Pseudomonas sp. |
2 |
2 |
4 |
5 |
0 |
4 |
1 |
0 |
7 |
13 |
19 |
8 |
|
Stenotrophomonas sp. |
1 |
5 |
3 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
16 |
65 |
91 |
49 |
| Total |
39 (24.5%) |
78 (32.2%) |
65 (24.3%) |
38 (29.2%) |
1 (0.6%) |
5 (2.1%) |
4 (1.5%) |
0 (0) |
119 (74.8%) |
159 (65.7%) |
198 (74.2%) |
92 (70.8%) |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | ||||||||||||
|
Acinetobacter |
2 |
1 |
12 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
5 |
0 |
|
E.Coli |
1 |
3 |
22 |
18 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
|
Proteus spp. |
1 |
1 |
12 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
|
Pseudomonas sp. |
1 |
3 |
13 |
6 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
|
Stenotrophomonas sp. |
2 |
3 |
5 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
| Total | 7 (77.8%) | 11 (78.6%) | 64 (86.5%) | 34 (89.5%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.6%) | 2 (22.2%) | 3 (21.4%) | 10 (13.5%) | 3 (7.9%) |