Table 1.
Urease inhibitory activity of plants extract at concentration of 10 mg/ml
| Scientific name | Plant family | Common name in English | Common name in Persian | Part used in traditional | Inhibition (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. |
Abrus precatorius |
Fabaceae |
Paternoster Seed |
Cheshm-e khorus |
Seed |
9.21 ± 0.04 |
| 2. |
Acacia Senegal |
Fabaceae |
Gum Arabic |
Samgh-e arabi |
Gum |
12.81± 0.09 |
| 3. |
Acanthophyllum squarrosum |
Asparagaceae |
Soap Root |
Chubak |
Root |
14.15 ± 0.02 |
| 4. |
Alpinia officinarum |
Zingiberaceae |
Galangal |
Khulanjan |
Rhizome |
41.75 ± 0.05 |
| 5. |
Althaea officinalis |
Malvaceae |
Hollyhoch |
Khatmi |
Flower |
20.94 ± 0.06 |
| 6. |
Alyssum homolocarpum |
Brassicaceae |
Madword & Pepper Weed |
Qodume |
Seed |
13.57± 0.12 |
| 7. |
Amaranthus lividus |
Amaranthaceae |
Cock's Comb Seed |
Tokhm-e tajkhorus |
Seed |
17.48 ± 0.11 |
| 8. |
Anethum graveolins |
Apiaceae |
Dill Seed |
Tokhm-e shevid |
Seed |
37.50 ± 0.03 |
| 9. |
Apium graveolens |
Apiaceae |
Celery Seed |
Tokhm-e karafs |
Seed |
2.43 ± 0.01 |
| 10. |
Aquilaria sinensis |
Thymelaeaceae |
Agarwood |
Udeqamari |
Fruit |
32.03 ± 0.08 |
| 11. |
Arctium Lappa |
Asteraceae |
Burdock Root |
Bâbââdam |
Root |
19.99 ± 0.08 |
| 12. |
Areca catechu |
Arecaceae |
Betel Nuts |
Fufel |
Fruit |
96.67 ± 0.01 |
| 13. |
Artemisia absinthium |
Asteraceae |
Worm Wood |
Afsantin |
Herb |
52.50 ± 0.06 |
| 14. |
Artemisia dracunculus |
Asteraceae |
Tarragon |
Tarkhon |
Leaf |
57.53 ± 0.03 |
| 15. |
Asperugo procumbens |
Boraginaceae |
German Madwort |
Bâdranjbuye |
Herb |
12.43 ± 0.02 |
| 16. |
Astragalus arbusculinus |
Fabaceae |
Sarcocola |
Anzarut |
Gum |
17.68 ± 0.06 |
| 17. |
Astragalus gossypinus |
Fabaceae |
Gum Tragacanth |
Katirâ |
Gum |
1.33 ± 0.02 |
| 18. |
Bambusa vulgaris |
Poaceae |
Golden Bamboo |
Tabâshir sadaf |
Secretions |
12.81 ± 0.04 |
| 19. |
Brassica nigra |
Brassicaceae |
Mustard |
Khardel |
Seed |
27.63 ± 0.01 |
| 20. |
Calendula officinalis |
Asteraceae |
Marigold |
Hamishe bahar |
Flower |
0.16 ± 0.06 |
| 21. |
Calendula sp. |
Asteraceae |
Marigold |
Hamishe bahar |
Flower |
8.21 ± 0.07 |
| 22. |
Camellia sinensis |
Theaceae |
Green Tea |
Chây-e sabz |
Leaf |
89.40 ± 0.02 |
| 23. |
Camellia sinensis |
Theaceae |
Green Tea |
Châyeparsefid |
Twig |
90.45 ± 0.01 |
| 24. |
Cannabis sativa |
Cannabaceae |
Hemp Seed |
Shâhdane |
Seed |
9.71 ± 0.02 |
| 25. |
Capsicum annuum |
Solanaceae |
Red Pepper |
Felfel-e qermez |
Fruit |
99.01 ± 0.01 |
| 26. |
Carthamus tinctorius |
Asteraceae |
Saf |
Golrang |
Flower |
50.78 ± 0.04 |
| 27. |
Cassia angustifolia |
Fabaceae |
Senna |
Sena |
Leaf |
3.29 ± 0.03 |
| 28. |
Celosia cristata |
Amaranthaceae |
Cockscomb |
Gol-e halva |
Flower |
82.55 ± 0.03 |
| 29. |
Centaurea sp. |
Asteraceae |
Centaurea |
Gol-e gandom |
Flower |
70.33 ± 0.02 |
| 30. |
Chenopodium botrys |
Amaranthaceae |
Lamb's Quarter |
Dermane-e torki |
Herb |
15.13 ± 0.04 |
| 31. |
Cichorium intybus |
Asteraceae |
Chicory |
Kâsni |
Herb |
40.55 ± 0.04 |
| 32. |
Cinchona officinalis |
Rubiaceae |
Cinchona |
Gne gne |
Bark |
67.03 ± 0.02 |
| 33. |
Cinnamomum camphora |
Lauraceae |
Camphre |
Kâfur |
Camphor |
10.14 ± 0.08 |
| 34. |
Cinnamomum cassia |
Lauraceae |
Cassia |
Salikhe |
Bark |
91.19 ± 0.02 |
| 35. |
Cinnamomum zeylanicum |
Lauraceae |
Cinnamon |
Darchin |
Bark |
84.22 ± 0.05 |
| 36. |
Citrus aurantifolia |
Rutaceae |
Limu Fruit |
Limu ammâni |
Fruit |
99.02 ± 0.02 |
| 37. |
Citrus aurantium |
Rutaceae |
Bitter Orange Peel |
Khalâl-e nârenj |
Rind |
1.43 ± 0.05 |
| 38. |
Citrus bigardia |
Rutaceae |
Orange |
Gol-e nârenj |
Twig |
24.31 ± 0.03 |
| 39. |
Colchicum macrophyllum |
Colchicaceae |
Colchicum Corms |
Suranjan |
Corm |
9.44 ± 0.08 |
| 40. |
Commiphora molmol |
Burseraceae |
Myrrh |
Morr-e Makki |
Gum |
8.22 ± 0.04 |
| 41. |
Crataegus microphylla |
Rosaceae |
Hawthorn |
Sorkhe valik |
Flower |
82.19 ± 0.03 |
| 42. |
Curcuma zedoaria |
Zingiberaceae |
Zedoary |
Zorombad |
Seed |
4.70 ± 0.06 |
| 43. |
Cuscuta epithymum |
Convolvulaceae |
Hellweed |
Aftimun |
Herb |
9.66 ± 0.01 |
| 44. |
Cymbopogon |
Poaceae |
Lemongrass |
Putar |
Root |
14.02 ± 0.03 |
| 45. |
Descureania |
Brassicaceae |
Flixweed Seed |
Khakshir |
Seed |
21.81 ± 0.01 |
| 46. |
Diplotaenia damavendica |
Apiaceae |
Diplotaenia |
Gozal |
Seed |
12.59 ± 0.06 |
| 47. |
Doronicum bracteatum |
Asteraceae |
Doronicum |
Darunj-e aqrabi |
Herb |
10.73 ± 0.01 |
| 48. |
Dracaena cinnabari |
Asparagaceae |
Dragon Blood |
Khone siyavosh |
Gum |
49.49 ± 0.13 |
| 49. |
Dracocephalum |
Lamiaceae |
Moldavian Balm |
Badrashbi |
Twig |
3.95 ± 0.01 |
| 50. |
Echinophora platyloba |
Apiaceae |
Echinophora |
Khosharize |
Herb |
17.48 ± 0.01 |
| 51. |
Echium amoenum |
Boraginaceae |
Ox tongue Flower |
Gol-e gâvzabân |
Flower |
31.66 ± 0.02 |
| 52. |
Elaeagnus angustifolia |
Elaeagnaceae |
Oleaster |
Senjed |
Fruit |
4.67 ± 0.14 |
| 53. |
Elaeagnus angustifolia |
Elaeagnaceae |
Oleaster |
Gol-e senjed |
Flower |
27.45 ± 0.01 |
| 54. |
Elettaria cardamomum |
Zingiberaceae |
Cardamon |
Hel sabz |
Fruit |
13.16 ± 0.04 |
| 55. |
Elletaria cardamomum |
Zingiberaceae |
Cardamon |
Hel sefid |
Fruit |
6.80 ± 0.07 |
| 56. |
Elletaria cardamomum |
Zingiberaceae |
Cardamon |
Hel siyah |
Fruit |
5.78 ± 0.071 |
| 57. |
Equisetum arvense |
Equisetaceae |
Horse Tail |
Dom-e asb |
Stem |
52.35 ± 0.05 |
| 58. |
Eruca sativa |
Brassicaceae |
Rocket |
Tokhm-e mandâb |
Seed |
13.28 ± 0.05 |
| 59. |
Eucalyptus sp. |
Myrtaceae |
Eucalyptus |
Okaliptus |
Leaf |
47.92 ± 0.01 |
| 60. |
Euphorbia sp. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Euphorbia |
Gav kosh |
Herb |
68.94 ± 0.03 |
| 61. |
Ferula assa-foetida |
Umbelliferae |
Assa-Foetid |
Anqoze |
Gum |
34.07 ± 0.04 |
| 62. |
Helicteres isora |
Malvaceae |
Screw Tree Pod |
Bahmanpich |
Fruit |
8.18 ± 0.02 |
| 63. |
Heracleum persicum |
Apiaceae |
Cow Parsnip Friut |
Golpar |
Fruit |
10.27 ± 0.02 |
| 64. |
Hibiscus gossypifolius |
Malvaceae |
Rose Mallow |
Chay-e Makki |
Herb |
96.28 ± 0.02 |
| 65. |
Humulus lupulus |
Cannabaceae |
Hops |
Râzak |
Twig |
54.85 ± 0.02 |
| 66. |
Hypericum perforatum |
Hypericaceae |
St.John's Wort |
Alaf-e chay |
Herb |
97.99 ± 0.02 |
| 67. |
Juglans regia |
Juglandaceae |
Walnut Shell |
Pust-e vasat-e gerdo |
Septum |
93.62 ± 0.01 |
| 68. |
Juglans regia |
Juglandaceae |
Walnut Shell |
Pust-e gerdo |
Rind |
1.27 ± 0.06 |
| 69. |
Juniperus Sabina |
Cupressaceae |
Sabine |
Abhal |
Fruit |
19.63 ± 0.01 |
| 70. |
Lactuca sativa |
Asteraceae |
Lettuce |
Tokhm-e Kâhu |
Seed |
2.93 ± 0.04 |
| 71. |
Lawsonia inermis |
Lythraceae |
Henna |
Hana |
Leaf |
54.00 ± 0.06 |
| 72. |
Levisticum officinalis |
Apiaceae |
Lovage |
Anjadân romi |
Seed |
10.00 ± 0.06 |
| 73. |
Linum usitatissimum |
Linaceae |
Lineseed |
Tokhm-e katan |
Seed |
2.71 ± 0.18 |
| 74. |
Malabaila secacule |
Apiaceae |
Parsnip |
Dogho |
Root |
18.18 ± 0.04 |
| 75. |
Malva sylvestris |
Malvaceae |
Common Mallow |
Gol-e panirak |
Flower |
14.15 ± 0.05 |
| 76. |
Matricaria chamomilla |
Asteraceae |
Chamomile |
Bâbon-e shirazi |
Herb |
87.21 ± 0.01 |
| 77. |
Melissa officinalis |
Lamiaceae |
Balm |
Barangbu |
Herb |
46.22 ± 0.05 |
| 78. |
Mentha spicata |
Lamiaceae |
Mint |
NaAna |
Leaf |
93.89 ± 0.01 |
| 79. |
Myristica fragrans |
Myristicaceae |
Nutmeg |
Joz-e buya |
Fruit |
78.19 ± 0.01 |
| 80. |
Myrtus communis |
Myrtaceae |
Myrtle |
Murd |
Leaf |
72.99 ± 0.01 |
| 81. |
Nasturdium officinalis |
Brassicaceae |
Watercress |
Boolâgoti |
Leaf |
74.00 ± 0.03 |
| 82. |
Nerium Oleander |
Apocynaceae |
Nerium |
Gol-e kharzahre |
Flower |
84.62 ± 0.01 |
| 83. |
Nicotiana Tabacum |
Solanaceae |
Tobacco |
Tutun |
Leaf |
52.77 ± 0.03 |
| 84. |
Nicotiana tabacum |
Solanaceae |
Tobacco |
Tutun |
Stem |
75.26 ± 0.05 |
| 85. |
Nymphaea alba |
Nymphaeaceae |
White Lotus |
Gol-e nilofar |
Flower |
97.86 ± 0.01 |
| 86. |
Ocimum basilicum |
Lamiaceae |
Basil |
Reyhan-e banafsh |
Leaf |
19.61 ± 0.05 |
| 87. |
Ocimum basilicum |
Lamiaceae |
Basil |
Reyhan-e sabz |
Leaf |
0.41 ± 0.01 |
| 88. |
Oenothera biennis |
Onagraceae |
Evening Star |
Gol-e maghrebi |
Flower |
3.95 ± 0.04 |
| 89. |
Olea europea |
Oleaceae |
Olive Leaf |
Barg-e zyton |
Leaf |
72.30 ± 0.01 |
| 90. |
Orchis latifolia |
Orchidaceae |
Oriental Salp |
SaAlab-e panjei |
Root |
18.90 ± 0.02 |
| 91. |
Orchis mascula |
Orchidaceae |
Male Orchis |
SaAlab-e qolvei |
Root |
3.16 ± 0.04 |
| 92. |
Papaver Rhoeas |
Papaveraceae |
Corn Poppy |
Pust-e shaghayegh |
Rind |
27.25 ± 0.12 |
| 93. |
Papaver Rhoeas |
Papaveraceae |
Corn Poppy |
Gol-e shaghayegh |
Flower |
97.50 ± 0.01 |
| 94. |
Papaver somniferum |
Papaveraceae |
Opium Poppy |
Khashkhash |
Seed |
4.79 ± 0.03 |
| 95. |
Papaver somniferum |
Papaveraceae |
Opium Poppy |
Khashkhash |
Fruit |
35.95 ± 0.02 |
| 96. |
Passiflora caerulea |
Passifloraceae |
Passion Flower |
Gol-e sâAty |
Flower |
46.90 ± 0.008 |
| 97. |
Pelargonium graveolens |
Geraniaceae |
Geranium |
Barg-e atr |
Leaf |
92.19 ± 0.01 |
| 98. |
Pelargonium graveolens |
Geraniaceae |
Rose Pelargonium |
Gol-e atr |
Flower |
96.87 ± 0.02 |
| 99. |
Pterocarpus rubra |
Fabaceae |
Mukwa |
Sandal-e sorkh |
Bark |
91.75 ± 0.01 |
| 100. |
Petroselinum hortense |
Apiaceae |
Parsley Seed |
Tokhm-e jafari |
Seed |
50.35 ± 0.03 |
| 101. |
Pistachio lentiscus |
Anacardiaceae |
Lentisk Pistache |
Mastaki |
Gum |
92.37 ± 0.01 |
| 102. |
Pistacia vera |
Anacardiaceae |
Pistachio Nut Shell |
Pust-e peste |
Rind |
97.71 ± 0.01 |
| 103. |
Plantago major |
Plantaginaceae |
Great Plantain |
Bârhang |
Seed |
4.69 ± 0.11 |
| 104. |
Polyporus officinalis |
Fomitopsidaceae |
White Agaric |
Ghariqun |
Fungi |
19.97 ± 0.06 |
| 105. |
Portulaca oleracea |
Portulacaceae |
Common Purslane Seed |
Tokhm-e khorfe |
Seed |
7.19 ± 0.03 |
| 106. |
Prunus persica |
Rosaceae |
Peach |
Barge-e holo |
Fruit |
9.47 ± 0.11 |
| 107. |
Punica granatum |
Lythraceae |
Pomegranate Flower |
Golnar |
Flower |
99.90 ± 0.01 |
| 108. |
Punica granatum |
Lythraceae |
Pomegranate |
Golnar |
Rind |
99.90 ± 0.01 |
| 109. |
Quercus infectoria |
Fagaceae |
Oak Gall |
Qolqaf |
Gall |
53.97 ± 0.02 |
| 110. |
Quercus infectoria |
Fagaceae |
Oak Fruit Hull |
Jaft |
Rind |
98.84 ± 0.02 |
| 111. |
Rheum ribes |
Polygonaceae |
Rhubarb |
Rivâs |
Root |
98.93 ± 0.01 |
| 112. |
Rosa centifolia |
Rosaceae |
Damask Rose |
Gol-e sorkh |
Flower |
97.51 ± 0.01 |
| 113. |
Rosa foetida |
Rosaceae |
Rosa Lutea |
Gol-e zard |
Flower |
89.19 ± 0.023 |
| 114. |
Rosmarinus angustifolia |
Lamiaceae |
Pine Rosemary |
Rozmary-e aklilaljabal |
Leaf |
22.51 ± 0.02 |
| 115. |
Rubia tinctorium |
Rubiaceae |
Madder Root |
Ronas |
Root |
37.31 ± 0.02 |
| 116. |
Ruta graveolens |
Rutaceae |
Rue |
Sodab |
Leaf |
27.91 ± 0.04 |
| 117. |
Saccharum officinarum |
Poaceae |
Sugar Cane |
Shekar-e sorkh |
Mann |
35.04 ± 0.06 |
| 118. |
Salix aegyptiaca |
Salicaceae |
Aegyption Willow |
Bidmeshk |
Flower |
17.05 ± 0.02 |
| 119. |
Salix sp. |
Salicaceae |
Whitewillow |
Pust-e bid |
Bark |
38.10 ± 0.01 |
| 120. |
Salvia hydrangea |
Lamiaceae |
Mountain Sage |
Gol-e arune |
Flower |
91.09 ± 0.01 |
| 121. |
Salvia macrosiphon |
Lamiaceae |
Willd Sage Seeds |
Thokhm-e marv |
Seed |
2.86 ± 0.04 |
| 122. |
Sambucus ebulus |
Adoxaceae |
Dwarf Elder |
Tarâsit |
Fruit |
99.70 ± 0.01 |
| 123. |
Santalum album |
Santalaceae |
Sandalwood |
Sandal-e sefid |
Bark |
58.69 ± 0.02 |
| 124. |
Satureja hortensis |
Lamiaceae |
Savory Seed |
Tokhm-e marze |
Seed |
35.77 ± 0.04 |
| 125. |
Scrophularia striata |
Scrophulariaceae |
Striata Figwort |
Mokhallace |
Stem& Flower |
16.47 ± 0.05 |
| 126. |
Sinapis alba |
Brassicaceae |
White Mustard |
Khardal-e sefid |
Seed |
39.77 ± 0.06 |
| 127. |
Spinacia oleracea. |
Amaranthaceae |
Spinach Seed |
Tokhm-e esfenaj |
Seed |
19.76 ± 0.04 |
| 128. |
Taraxacum sp. |
Asteraceae |
Dandelion |
Ghasedak |
Flower |
14.83 ± 0.01 |
| 129. |
Thymus kotschyanus |
Lamiaceae |
Kotschyam Thyme |
Avishan |
Herb |
17.94 ± 0.01 |
| 130. |
Tilia platyphyllos |
Malvaceae |
Linden |
Zirfun |
Leaf & Flower |
25.79 ± 0.01 |
| 131 |
Trigonella foenum-graecum |
Fabaceae |
Fenugreek Seed |
Tokhm-e shanbalile |
Seed |
44.02 ± 0.02 |
| 132. |
Triticum sativum |
Poaceae |
Wheat |
Sabos-e ghandom |
Husk |
16.14 ± 0.04 |
| 133. |
Tussilago farfara |
Asteraceae |
Colt′s-foot |
Pakhari |
Herb |
69.08 ± 0.01 |
| 134. |
Veratrum album |
Melanthiaceae |
White Hellebore |
Kharbogh |
Leaf |
96.85 ± 0.06 |
| 135. |
Verbascum georgicum |
Scrophulariaceae |
Mullein |
Dom-e gav |
Leaf |
30.40 ± 0.03 |
| 336. |
Verbascum sp. |
Scrophulariaceae |
Mullein |
Marg-e mâhi |
Fruit |
0.82 ± 0.05 |
| 137. |
Ziziphus vulgaris |
Rhamnaceae |
Jujube |
Annâb |
Fruit |
26.34 ± 0.01 |
| 138. | Hydroxyurea | ------------- | ------------ | ---------- | Reference compound | 100 ± 0.01 |