Table 3.
Dietary intakes of participants by categories of dietary total antioxidant capacity: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study¹
|
( n = 1938) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P1 | |
| Dietary phytochemical index |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Range |
< 842 |
842-958 |
959-1080 |
> 1080 |
|
|
Median |
764 |
906 |
1014 |
1161 |
|
| Energy intake (kcal/d) |
2285 ± 29 |
2290 ± 29 |
2254 ± 29 |
2265 ± 29 |
0.80 |
| Energy density(kcal/d) |
107.9 ± 0.9 |
97.6 ± 0.9 |
91.3 ± 0.9 |
88.6 ± 0.9 |
<0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (% of total energy) |
58.1 ± 0.3 |
56.8 ± 0.3 |
57.2 ± 0.3 |
58.5 ± 0.3 |
0.21 |
| Protein (% of total energy) |
13.0 ± 0.1 |
13.7 ± 0.1 |
13.9 ± 0.1 |
13.9 ± 0.1 |
0.32 |
| Fat (% of total energy) |
30.5 ± 0.3 |
31.8 ± 0.3 |
31.7 ± 0.3 |
31.1 ± 0.3 |
0.09 |
| Saturated fatty acid (% of total energy) |
9.7 ± 0.2 |
10.8 ± 0.2 |
10.6 ± 0.2 |
10.6 ± 0.2 |
0.15 |
| Mono-unsaturated fatty acid (% of total energy) |
10.8 ± 0.1 |
11.0 ± 0.1 |
10.9 ± 0.1 |
10.5 ± 0.1 |
0.18 |
| Poly-unsaturated fatty acid (% of total energy) |
6.7 ± 0.1 |
6.7 ± 0.1 |
6.5 ± 0.1 |
6.2 ± 0.1 |
0.09 |
| Vitamin A (mg/d) |
422 ± 13 |
493 ± 13 |
547 ± 13 |
557 ± 13 |
<0.001 |
| Total carotenoids (μg/d) |
8677 ± 278 |
9731 ± 274 |
10725 ± 274 |
10874 ± 277 |
<0.001 |
| Vitamin E (mg/d) |
11.3 ± 0.2 |
11.6 ± 0.2 |
11.6 ± 0.2 |
12.2 ± 0.2 |
0.001 |
| Vitamin C (mg/d) |
109 ± 3.5 |
133 ± 3.5 |
158 ± 3.5 |
185 ± 3.5 |
<0.001 |
| Zinc (mg/d) |
10.6 ± 0.1 |
11.3 ± 0.1 |
11.7 ± 0.1 |
11.7 ± 0.1 |
<0.001 |
| Selenium (μg/d) |
111 ± 1.4 |
112 ± 1.4 |
112 ± 1.4 |
108 ± 1.4 |
0.10 |
| Whole grains (g/d) |
65.0 ± 4.3 |
87.1 ± 4.2 |
106.3 ± 4.2 |
116.1 ± 4.3 |
<0.001 |
| Fruits (g/d) |
223 ± 10 |
303 ± 10 |
405 ± 10 |
566 ± 10 |
<0.001 |
| Vegetables (g/d) |
275 ± 8 |
300 ± 8 |
309 ± 8 |
298 ± 8 |
0.028 |
| Legumes (g/d) |
12.5 ± 1.0 |
16.7 ± 0.9 |
18.4 ± 0.9 |
21.7 ± 1.0 |
<0.001 |
| dairy (g/d) |
329 ± 11 |
447 ± 11 |
516 ± 11 |
596 ± 11 |
<0.001 |
| Nuts (g/d) | 5.1 ± 0.4 | 5.9 ± 0.4 | 7.7 ± 0.4 | 9.9 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
1 Data are age-and energy adjusted mean ± SEM.
2P values compared the dietary intakes of participants across quartiles of dietary phytochemical index using linear regression models with adjustment of sex, age and energy intakes.