Table 2.
Landmark (Left, Right) |
Anatomical definition | Skull region |
---|---|---|
1, 2 | Most antero-medial point of the nasal bone | G, F |
3, 4 | Most postero-medial point of the nasal bone | G, F |
5, 6 | Intersection of frontal process of maxilla with frontal and lacrimal bones | G, F |
7, 8 | Intersection of malar with zygomatic process of maxilla, taken on maxilla | F |
9, 10 | Intersection of malar with zygomatic process of maxilla, taken on malar | F |
11, 12 | Intersection of zygoma with zygomatic process of temporal, taken on zygoma | G, F |
13, 14 | Most anterior point of the anterior palatine foramen | G, F |
15, 16 | Most posterior point of the anterior palatine foramen | G, F |
17, 18 | Most infero-lateral point of the premaxillary-maxillary suture, taken on premaxilla | G, F |
19 | Midline point on the premaxilla between the incisor and the nasal cavity just anterior of the incisive foramen, right side only | G, F |
20 | Most antero-superior point of the vomer | G, F |
21 | Most posterior point of the vomer | G, B |
22 | Most anterior point of the indentation in the center of the presphenoid | G, B |
23, 24 | Most anterior point on the anterior projection on the presphenoid | G, B |
25, 26 | Postero-medial point of the inferior portion of the left alisphenoid | G, B |
27, 28 | Most antero-lateral indentation at the posterior edge of the horizontal plate of the palatine bone | G, F |
29, 30 | Most posterior tip of the medial pterygoid process | G, B |
31, 32 | Most antero-lateral point on corner of the basioccipital at the basi occipital synchondrosis | G, B |
33, 34 | Most infero-lateral point on the squamous occipital | G, V |
35 | Mid-point on the posterior margin of the foramen magnum, taken on basioccipital | G, B |
36 | Mid-point on the anterior margin of the foramen magnum, taken on squamosal occipital | G, B |
37, 38 | Superior posterior point on the ectocranial surface of occipital lateralis on the foramen magnum | G, B |
39, 40 | Most posterior point on the posterior extension of the forming squamosal | G, V |
41, 42 | Most lateral intersection of the frontal and parietal bones, taken on the frontal | V |
43, 44 | Most lateral intersection of the frontal and parietal bones, taken on the parietal | V |
49, 50 | Most postero-medial point on the parietal | G, V |
51 | Most antero-medial point on the body of the sphenoid | G, B |
P1, P2 | Most anterolateral point on the posterior palatine plate | P |
P3, P4 | Most anteriomedial point on the posterior palatine plate | P |
P5, P6 | Most posteromedial point on the posterior palatine plate | P |
P7, P8 | Most posterolateral point on the posterior palatine plate | P |