(c)

Country	Ages	Specimen	Results
Brazil	6–8 years	Whole blood	Means 2.1 μg/dL [57], 5.5 μg/dL [58], n = 444, 65
China	Newborn	Cord blood	Mean 4.06 μg/dL, n = 240 [59]
	Newborn	Cord blood	Means 3.6 μg/dL [60], 11.33 μg/dL [61], n = 110, 100
	Newborn	Cord blood	GMeans 5.35 versus 8.41 versus 6.0 μg/dL (urban n = 24 versus rural n = 45 versus industrial residence n = 20) [62]
	Newborn	Cord blood	Median 4.36 μg/dL (range 1.72–9.82) n = 109 [51]
	1–5 years	Whole blood	GMean 8.2 μg/dL, n = 1117 [63]
	2 months–14 years	Whole blood	Means 16.38 versus 7.12 μg/dL (n = 369 polluted versus n = 61 control area) [64]†
	<6 years	Whole blood	GMean 4.71 μg/dL, n = 44,048 [65]
	6–12 years	Whole blood	Range 1.59–31.8 μg/dL, n = 317 [66]
	4–13 years	Whole blood	GMean 6.71 μg/dL, n = 307 [67]
India	Newborn	Cord blood	GMean 5.1 μg/dL, n = 296 [53]
	Newborn	Cord blood	Means 11.4 versus 16.02 μg/dL, n = 23 normal weight versus n = 24 growth retarded [68]
	Infants	Whole blood	Mean 10.15 μg/dL (range 0.046–42.94), n = 200 [69]
	3–7 years	Whole blood	Mean 11.47 μg/dL (range 2.6–40.5), n = 756 [70]
	3–12 years	Whole blood	Mean 4.23 versus 9.86 μg/dL (n = 51 controls versus n = 17 aplastic anemia cases) [71]
	5–13 years	Whole blood	Mean 15.11 μg/dL, n = 100 [72]
	15–18 years	Whole blood	Mean 9.96 μg/dL (range 4.62–18.64), n = 39 [73]
Indonesia	6–12 years	Whole blood	GMean 8.6 μg/dL (n = 397) [74]
Mexico	Newborn	Cord blood	Means, 2.7 μg/dL [75], 6.2 μg/dL [76], 8.1 μg/dL [77], 6.6 μg/dL [78], 6.7 μg/dL [79], 6.6 μg/dL [80], 5.49 μg/dL [81], n = 226, 146, 617, 424, 197, 364, 294
	1 month	Whole blood	Mean 5.5 μg/dL (range 1–23.1), n = 222 [82]
	12 month	Whole blood	Means 4.6 μg/dL [81], 7.2 μg/dL [79], n = 294,197
	1 year	Whole blood	GMean 8.4 μg/dL, n = 302 [83]
	2 years	Whole blood	GMean 10.1 μg/dL, n = 264 [83]
	2 years	Whole blood	Means 4.8 μg/dL [76], 5.78 μg/dL [81], 8.2 μg/dL [80], 8.4 μg/dL [79], n = 146, 752, 283, 179
	3 years	Whole blood	Mean 8.4 μg/dL, n = 206 [80]
	4 years	Whole blood	Mean 8.2 μg/dL, n = 227 [80]
	6–8 years	Whole blood	Median 10.2 μg/dL (range 1.9–43.8) n = 598 [84]
	6–8 years	Whole blood	Mean 11.5 μg/dL, n = 21 [44]
	6–11 years	Whole blood	Means 4.6 μg/dL [45], 9.4 μg/dL [49], n = 229, 50
	6–11 years	Whole blood	Median by group, with increasing proximity to source: 4.6, 9.5, 28.6 μg/dL, n = 21, 22, 22 [48]
	6–11 years	Whole blood	Median by group with increasing proximity to source: 7.02, 20.6, 30.38 μg/dL, n = 21,21,23 [47]
	6–12 years	Whole blood	GMeans 10.5, 11.2, 12.4 μg/dL, n = 12,22,24 [85]
Poland	Newborn	Cord blood	Median 1.23 μg/dL (range 0.44–6.90), n = 444 [86]
	Newborn	Cord blood	Mean 1.42 μg/dL, n = 452 [87]
	5–14 years	Whole blood	Mean 7.69 μg/dL, median 6.77 μg/dL (range 2.7–23), n = 74 [88]
	6-7 years	Whole blood	GMean 4.2 μg/dL, n = 202 [54]
	7–15 years	Whole blood	Mean 7.3 μg/dL, median 6.6 μg/dL, n = 272 [89]†
	8–12 years	Whole blood	GMean 5.72 versus 3.42 μg/dL (n = 47 exposed versus n = 50 unexposed females) [37]
			GMean 6.51 versus 3.81 μg/dL (n = 42 exposed versus n = 35 unexposed males) [37]
South Korea	4–10 years	Whole blood	GMean 3.80 μg/dL (range 1.30–9.95) n = 38 [55]
	10–15 years	Whole blood	Mean 4.3 versus 6.9 μg/dL (n = 167 controls versus n = 39 anemia) [90]
Taiwan	Newborn	Cord blood	Means 7.8 versus 3.28 versus 2.35 μg/dL in 1985–87 versus 1990–92 versus 2001-02 [91]
	Newborn	Cord blood	Mean 1.29 μg/dL, n = 308 [92]
	Newborn	Cord blood	GMeans 1.26 μg/dL [93], 1.30 μg/dL [94], n = 1526, 430
	2-3 years	Whole blood	GMean 2.48 μg/dL, n = 430 [94]
	5-6 years	Whole blood	GMean 2.49 μg/dL, n = 430 [94]
	8-9 years	Whole blood	GMean 1.97 μg/dL, n = 430 [94]
	7–11 years	Whole blood	Means 1.60 versus 7.79 μg/dL (n = 71 controls versus n = 79 exposed males) [95]
	8–12 years	Whole blood	Means 3.45 versus 5.23 versus 8.80 μg/dL, n = 100 unexposed versus n = 30 and 34 exposed [96]
Turkey	Newborn	Cord blood	Mean 1.65 μg/dL, n = 120 [97]
		Whole blood	Mean 3.56 μg/dL, n = 180 [97]
	15–19 years	Whole blood	Mean 7.8 versus 1.6 μg/dL (n = 79 exposed versus n = 71 unexposed) [98]