Table 2.
Percent change (95% CI) in hearing thresholds (dB) by blood cadmium and lead levels (n = 3,622).
| Variables | Participants (n) | Model Aa | Model Bb | Model Cc | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cadmium | |||||||||||
| Per doubling of cadmium | 4.38 | (1.43, 7.41) | 4.07 | (1.09, 7.15) | 4.13 | (1.19, 7.15) | |||||
| Cadmium quintile (µg/L) | |||||||||||
| Quintile 1 (0.10–0.20) | 1,013 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||
| Quintile 2 (0.30–0.30) | 553 | –1.02 | (–8.75, 7.35) | –1.53 | (–9.22, 6.81) | –1.22 | (–8.86, 7.07) | ||||
| Quintile 3 (0.40–0.40) | 581 | 2.21 | (–5.10, 10.08) | 1.26 | (–5.95, 9.02) | 1.68 | (–5.60, 9.53) | ||||
| Quintile 4 (0.50–0.70) | 785 | 7.07 | (–1.07, 15.87) | 6.53 | (–1.58, 15.32) | 6.69 | (–1.48, 15.53) | ||||
| Quintile 5 (0.80–8.50) | 690 | 14.49 | (5.17, 24.64) | 13.42 | (4.18, 23.48) | 13.78 | (4.55, 23.82) | ||||
| p-Trend | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.005 | ||||||||
| Lead | |||||||||||
| Per doubling of lead | 6.24 | (2.88, 9.71) | 5.68 | (2.35, 9.13) | 5.41 | (2.12, 8.81) | |||||
| Lead quintile (µg/dL) | |||||||||||
| Quintile 1 (0.20–0.80) | 629 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||
| Quintile 2 (0.90–1.30) | 842 | –0.04 | (–9.50, 10.41) | –0.06 | (–9.51, 10.38) | –0.50 | (–9.94, 9.93) | ||||
| Quintile 3 (1.40–1.80) | 679 | 7.30 | (–3.05, 18.76) | 7.11 | (–3.23, 18.54) | 6.51 | (–3.76, 17.89) | ||||
| Quintile 4 (1.90–2.70) | 734 | 11.86 | (0.97, 23.92) | 11.01 | (0.26, 22.91) | 10.22 | (–0.40, 21.97) | ||||
| Quintile 5 (2.80–54.00) | 738 | 21.13 | (9.43, 34.09) | 19.44 | (7.96, 32.14) | 18.63 | (7.35, 31.09) | ||||
| p-Trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| aModel A was adjusted for age, age2, sex, race/ethnicity, education, BMI, ototoxic medication, pack-years of cigarette smoke, hypertension, and diabetes. Cadmium models were further adjusted for lead; lead models were further adjusted for cadmium. bModel B adjusted for all variables included in Model A and further adjusted for occupational noise. cModel C adjusted for all variables in Model B and further adjusted for recreational noise and firearm noise. | |||||||||||