Table 4.
Comparison of Patient Characteristics Between Hospital Survivors and Nonsurvivors Among the Patient Cohort
| Variable | Hospital Survivors | Hospital Nonsurvivors | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of patients | 155 | 480 | — |
| Age, years | 54.5 ± 12.8 | 55.9 ± 12.7 | 0.22 |
| Sex, men/women | 103 (66.5) | 282 (58.8) | 0.09 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.8 ± 7.9 | 27.8 ± 7.8 | 0.96 |
| APACHE II score | 22.8 ± 6.5 | 29.9 ± 8.0 | <0.0001 |
| MELD score | 22.2 ± 10.1 | 28.1 ± 11.0 | <0.0001 |
| Laboratory findings on day 1 | |||
| Lactate, mmol/L | 5.5 ± 4.2 | 6.7 ± 5.0 | 0.47 |
| Bilirubin, μmol/L | 85 ± 117 | 160 ± 182 | <0.0001 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 201 ± 177 | 220 ± 163 | 0.22 |
| Bicarbonate, mmol/L | 19.0 ± 6.0 | 16.6 ± 6.2 | 0.0006 |
| Platelet count, ×109/L | 156 ± 143 | 119 ± 108 | 0.004 |
| INR | 2.0 ± 1.5 | 2.5 ± 1.5 | 0.0006 |
| WBC count, ×109/L | 17.3 ± 12.8 | 15.2 ± 12.2 | 0.09 |
| Vital signs | |||
| Heart rate, beats/minute | 114 ± 27 | 115 ± 29 | 0.73 |
| Respiratory rate, beats/minute | 25 ± 10 | 28 ± 9 | 0.009 |
| Temperature, °C | 37.4 ± 1.6 | 36.7 ± 1.9 | 0.0002 |
| Mean arterial pressure, mm Hg | 60 ± 16 | 55 ± 14 | 0.05 |
| Activated protein C | 2 (1.3) | 7 (1.5) | 1.00 |
| Steroids | 48 (31.0) | 144 (30.0) | 0.82 |
| Inappropriate antimicrobials | 8 (5.2) | 147 (30.6) | <0.0001 |
| Single appropriate antibiotic | 59 (63.4) | 167 (77.0) | 0.01 |
| Delay in effective antimicrobials, hours | 3.2 (1.3–6.8) | 10.0 (4(.9–23.8) | <0.0001 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| AIDS | 1 (0.7) | 18 (3.8) | 0.06 |
| Acute or chronic lymphoma | 2 (1.3) | 8 (1.7) | 1.00 |
| Acute or chronic leukemia/multiple myeloma | 1 (0.7) | 8 (1.7) | 0.70 |
| Metastatic solid cancer | 5 (3.2) | 21 (4.4) | 0.53 |
| Immunosuppressive chemotherapy or long-term steroid therapy (>10 mg prednisone equivalent daily) | 9 (5.8) | 45 (9.4) | 0.17 |
| Neutropenia (>500 cells/L) | 1 (0.7) | 11 (2.3) | 0.31 |
| New York Heart Association class IV heart failure | 9 (5.8) | 25 (5.2) | 0.77 |
| COPD (requiring medication or oxygen) | 7 (4.5) | 20 (4.2) | 0.85 |
| Chronic renal failure* | 14 (9.0) | 60 (12.5) | 0.24 |
| Chronic dialysis dependence | 6 (3.9) | 25 (5.2) | 0.50 |
| Diabetes mellitus (medication-dependent) | 26 (16.8) | 74 (15.4) | 0.69 |
| Diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent) | 13 (8.4) | 41 (8.5) | 0.95 |
| Alcohol abuse | 74 (47.7) | 204 (42.5) | 0.25 |
| Elective surgery | 12 (7.7) | 52 (10.8) | 0.27 |
| Emergency surgery/trauma | 8 (5.2) | 25 (5.2) | 0.98 |
| Culture-positive | 106 (68.4) | 367 (76.5) | 0.05 |
| Bacteremia | 57 (36.8) | 188 (39.2) | 0.59 |
| Community-acquired infection | 104 (67.1) | 253 (52.7) | 0.002 |
| Nosocomial infection | 51 (32.9) | 227 (47.3) | 0.002 |
Continuous variables are expressed as the mean ± SD or median and interquartile range. Categorical variables are expressed as no. (%).
Abbreviations: AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; INR, international normalized ratio.
*
Serum creatinine >1.5 the upper limit of normal.