Table 3.
The effect of 12-month characteristics on LTFU in the second year on ART
| Characteristic | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | p | Adjusted HR* (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1 | – | ||
| Female | 1.15 (0.83–1.8) | 0.399 | ||
| Age at 12 months on ART | ||||
| 1 to <3 years | 1 | 1 | ||
| 3 to <5 years | 0.82 (0.53–1.29) | 0.397 | 1.19 (0.74–1.91) | 0.471 |
| 5 to 12 years | 0.58 (0.41–0.83) | 0.003 | 0.88 (0.58–1.35) | 0.566 |
| Year of starting ART | ||||
| 2004–05 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2006–08 | 1.91 (1.19–3.08) | 0.007 | 1.85 (1.12–3.07) | 0.017 |
| 2009–11 | 2.84 (1.73–4.66) | <0.001 | 2.68 (1.58–4.55) | <0.001 |
| Primary caregiver | ||||
| Mother | 1 | 1 | ||
| Grandmother | 0.23 (0.12–0.46) | <0.001 | 0.30 (0.15–0.59) | 0.001 |
| Other family | 0.41 (0.26–0.67) | <0.001 | 0.49 (0.30–0.82) | 0.006 |
| Foster/institution/neighbour/guardian | 0.63 (0.33–1.20) | 0.155 | 0.59 (0.28–1.21) | 0.150 |
| Weight-for-age Z score | ||||
| > −2 (not underweight) | 1 | 1 | ||
| −2 to −3 (moderately underweight) | 2.09 (1.37–3.18) | 0.001 | 1.97 (1.28–3.04) | 0.004 |
| < −3 (severely underweight) | 3.51 (2.38–5.18) | <0.001 | 2.93 (1.91–4.47) | <0.001 |
| Height-for-age Z score | ||||
| > −2 (no stunting) | 1 | – | ||
| −2 to −3 (moderate stunting) | 5.05 (2.60–9.81) | <0.001 | ||
| < −3 (severe stunting) | 13.52 (6.19–29.55) | <0.001 | ||
| Weight-for-height Z score | ||||
| > −2 (no wasting) | 1 | – | ||
| −2 to −3 (moderate wasting) | 0.55 (0.28–1.09) | 0.081 | ||
| < −3 (severe wasting) | 0.64 (0.39–1.03) | 0.068 | ||
| Immune suppression§ | ||||
| Mild | 1 | – | ||
| Advanced/Severe | 1.74 (1.23–2.46) | 0.002 | ||
| WHO clinical stage | ||||
| ½ | 1 | – | ||
| ¾ | 1.46 (0.88–2.43) | 0.140 | ||
| CD4 cell percentage | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | 0.007 | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | 0.004 |
| Log10 of plasma viral load (copies/mL) | 1.17 (1.12–1.21) | <0.001 | – | |
| Regimen at 12 months | ||||
| NNRTI-based | 1 | – | ||
| PI-based | 1.43(0.93–2.20) | 0.099 |
N=3,283 in adjusted model.
Definitions of immune suppression according to the WHO classification of HIV-associated immunodeficiency in children by age and CD4%: (children <1 year: mild=CD4% of 30–35%, advanced=CD4% of 25–29%, severe=CD4% <25%; children 1 to <3 years: mild=CD4% of 25–30%, advanced=CD4% of 20–25%, severe=CD4% <20%; children 3 to <5 years: mild=CD4% of 20–25%, advanced=CD4% of 15–19%, severe=CD4% <15%; children >5 years: mild=CD4 cell count 350–499 cells/mm3, advanced=CD4 cell count 200–349 cells/mm3, severe=CD4 cell count <200 cells/mm3 or CD4% <15%) (14).
WHO: World Health Organization; NNRTI: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (efavirenz or niverapine); PI: protease inhibitor (lopinavir/ritonavir).