. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 28.

Published in final edited form as: Mech Dev. 2007 Nov 17;125(3-4):299–313. doi: 10.1016/j.mod.2007.11.001

Table 3.

Morphological characters of Broad RNAi insects in comparison with wild-type larva/pupa/adult

S. No.	Organs	Characters				Comments^a
S. No.	Organs	Larva	Pupa	Adult	Broad RNAi	Comments^a
1.	Thoracic sternal plates	Normal	Normal; concealed	Well developed; sclerotized	Well developed; not sclerotized	Resemble adults except for sclerotization
2.	Antennae	Contains scape and pedicel; flagellum not developed	Flagellar segments developing, 5–6 No.	Flagellar segments developed, 10–11 No.; hygroscopic receptors present	Flagellar segments 10–11 No.; hygroscopic receptors absent	Resemble adults except for hygroscopic receptors
3.	Mouthparts	Labrum concealed; mandible prominent; maxillary and labial palpi short	Labrum prominent; mandible separated; palpi developing	Labrum concealed; mandible interlocked; palpi well developed	Labrum prominent; mandible interlocked; palpi developing	Pupal–adult intermediate
4.	Forewings	Absent	Developed; not sclerotized; cover 2/3 of abdomen	Well developed; well sclerotized; cover entire abdomen	Short; medium sclerotization; do not cover abdomen	Unique character
5.	Legs	Segments not distinct; single claw	Concealed in pupal cuticle	Sclerotized; segments distinct; tarsi differentiated; pair of claw; spurs present	Medium sclerotized; short; bulbous femur; segments distinct; tarsi differentiated; pair of claw; spurs absent	Resemble adult except for size and differentiation of segments
6.	Abdominal cuticular structures	Long setae	Short setae; gin-traps laterally	Sensory bristles	Patches of sensory bristles and long setae; gin-traps absent	Mosaic of larval and adult structures
7.	Distal abdominal segment (both sexes)	Distinct	Contracted	Telescopic	Distinct	Resemble larva
8.	Genital papillae (both sexes)	Absent; pygopods present	Well developed in both sexes	Well developed in female; male concealed	Well developed in male; incomplete in female	Resemble pupa except for size of female genital papillae
9.	Urogomphi (both sexes)	Sclerotized; fused at top	Not sclerotized; tubular; separated by median at top	Absent	Sclerotized; tubular; separated by median at top	Larval–pupal intermediate

Characters are scored based on the light microscope and SEM images (Figs. 5–8).

Comparisons are made based on the similarities of structures of Broad RNAi insects with wild-type larva/pupa/adult counterparts.