Table 4.
Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between caffeinated coffee consumption and Parkinson’s disease in PEGASUS, by ADORA2A and CYP1A2 genotypes.
| Caffeinated coffee |
Wildtype | Heterozygote | Homozygote | Interaction p-value |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | Controls | ORa | 95% CI | Cases | Controls | ORa | 95% CI | Cases | Controls | ORa | 95% CI | ||
| ADORA2A | |||||||||||||
| rs5751876 | |||||||||||||
| Never | 109 | 103 | 1.00 | -- | 130 | 123 | 1.0 | -- | 58 | 61 | 1.0 | -- | -- |
| Everb | 221 | 324 | 0.67 | 0.47–0.93 | 308 | 452 | 0.67 | 0.50–0.91 | 118 | 213 | 0.66 | 0.42–1.04 | 0.98 |
| Cups/dayc, mean ± SD | 1.8± 1.7 | 2.1±2.5 | 0.93 | 0.84–1.03 | 1.6±1.4 | 1.9±1.6 | 0.90 | 0.80–1.00 | 1.5±1.1 | 2.1±1.8 | 0.69 | 0.55–0.86 | 0.05 |
| rs3032740 | |||||||||||||
| Never | 113 | 103 | 1.00 | -- | 125 | 123 | 1.0 | -- | 57 | 59 | 1.0 | -- | -- |
| Everb | 225 | 322 | 0.66 | 0.47–0.93 | 305 | 448 | 0.70 | 0.51–0.95 | 111 | 206 | 0.63 | 0.40–1.01 | 0.91 |
| Cups/dayc, mean ± SD | 1.7± 1.7 | 2.1±2.5 | 0.92 | 0.83–1.03 | 1.6±1.4 | 1.9±1.6 | 0.91 | 0.81–1.02 | 1.5±1.2 | 2.2±1.9 | 0.70 | 0.55–0.86 | 0.08 |
| rs5996696 | |||||||||||||
| Never | 272 | 255 | 1.0 | -- | 23 | 28 | 1.0 | -- | 1 | 2 | 1.0 | -- | -- |
| Ever‡ | 609 | 913 | 0.66 | 0.53–0.81 | 38 | 74 | 0.73 | 0.34–1.56 | 1 | 9 | NEd | -- | NE |
| Cups/dayc, mean ± SD | 1.6± 1.4 | 2.1±2.1 | 0.86 | 0.80–0.94 | 1.8±2.5 | 1.8±1.4 | 1.02 | 0.79–1.31 | 0.8±-- | 0.9±0.2 | NE | -- | NE |
| CYP1A2 | |||||||||||||
| rs762551 | |||||||||||||
| Never | 145 | 128 | 1.00 | -- | 113 | 139 | 1.0 | -- | 37 | 21 | 1.0 | -- | -- |
| Everb | 337 | 523 | 0.61 | 0.45–0.81 | 254 | 391 | 0.9 | 0.66–1.23 | 62 | 84 | 0.33 | 0.16–0.68 | 0.05 |
| Cups/dayc, mean ± SD | 1.6± 1.4 | 2.0± 1.6 | 0.87 | 0.78–0.96 | 1.7± 1.6 | 2.1± 2.5 | 0.90 | 0.80–1.00 | 1.7± 1.4 | 1.8± 1.4 | 0.85 | 0.64–1.14 | 0.85 |
| rs2472304 | |||||||||||||
| Never | 106 | 104 | 1.0 | -- | 119 | 131 | 1.0 | -- | 71 | 48 | 1.0 | -- | -- |
| Everb | 255 | 337 | 0.73 | 0.52–1.01 | 257 | 418 | 0.80 | 0.58–1.09 | 132 | 228 | 0.46 | 0.28–0.73 | 0.07 |
| Cups/dayc, mean ± SD | 1.8± 1.8 | 1.9± 2.3 | 0.95 | 0.86–1.04 | 1.5± 1.2 | 2.1± 1.9 | 0.83 | 0.73–0.95 | 1.4± 1.3 | 2.0± 1.8 | 0.79 | 0.65–0.96 | 0.018 |
| rs2470890 | |||||||||||||
| Never | 106 | 107 | 1.0 | -- | 120 | 132 | 1.0 | -- | 71 | 46 | 1.0 | -- | -- |
| Everb | 254 | 341 | 0.75 | 0.54–1.03 | 258 | 411 | 0.80 | 0.59–1.10 | 132 | 227 | 0.43 | 0.27–0.69 | 0.04 |
| Cups/dayc, mean ± SD | 1.8± 1.8 | 1.9± 2.3 | 0.95 | 0.87–1.04 | 1.5± 1.2 | 2.1± 1.9 | 0.82 | 0.72–0.94 | 1.4± 1.3 | 2.0± 1.9 | 0.81 | 0.67–0.97 | 0.015 |
a
Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity and site;
b
p for interaction [coffee (ever/never) × genotype] based on chi-square test with df=2;
c
p for interaction among coffee drinkers (average coffee consumption × genotype) based on chi-square with df=1
d
NE= not estimable when the model included age, sex, race/ethnicity and site; crude OR=0.22 (95% CI 0.01–5.3).