Stable carbon-isotope compositions for SOM (δ13CSOM; bottom x axis) and nC31 (δ13C31; top x axis) relative to woody plant cover (A), ecosystem (B), and plant community composition (C). The published relationship between woody plant cover and δ13CSOM is described by the following function, where −13 ≤ δ13CSOM ≥ −31‰ (10): . Here, we relate δ13CSOM to δ13C31 using a value of 9‰ for ɛSOM/31. The relationship between woody plant cover and δ13C31 is, thus, described by the following function, where −22 ≤ δ13CSOM ≥ −40‰): . Ecosystem definitions adhere to African plant communities according to UNESCO terminology (40).