Fig. 2.

Time series of sea-level and CO₂ data used to construct Fig. 3. (A) Alkenone δ¹³C based CO₂ (13) and sea level based on sequence stratigraphy of the NJM (27). (B) Boron isotope-based CO₂ record (15) with sea level based on the oxygen isotope composition of planktic foraminifera fixed at ice-free (e.g., pre-Eocene–Oligocene boundary) = + 65 m (SI CO2 and Sea-Level Estimates). (C) Boron isotope-based CO₂ record (18) with sea level from the benthic foraminiferal δ¹⁸O (45) fixed to the Miocene highstand of the NJM sequence stratigraphic record (28) (SI CO2 and Sea-Level Estimates). (D) Boron isotope-based CO₂ records (gray diamonds) (17) and (black triangles) (16). Sea-level record from a compilation (26) using several methodologies, including sequence stratigraphy and benthic foraminiferal δ¹⁸O corrected for temperature (see ref. 26 for details). Note CO₂ and highstands do not correlate exactly in time, but in each case sea-level estimate and CO₂ are within 10,000 y. (E) Benthic oxygen isotope stack (30) with the locations of the time slices shown in A–D (and Fig. 1), shown as appropriately colored and labeled band. All data displayed in (A–D) can be found in Dataset S1.