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Changes of anatomical traits inferred during C4 evolution. The inferred change in five important traits is indicated for all C3 to C4-OS and all C3 to C4-IS (in blue) transitions. Each line connects the values of the most recent C3 ancestor (on the left) and the first C4 descendant (on the right). The asterisks indicate changes that led to the Alloteropsis cimicina lineage.
