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Endothelial adhesion molecules are down-regulated by ACh. Bend3 endothelial cells were pretreated (16 h) with physostigmine bromide (10 μM) and ACh (0–1,000 nM) ± atropine (10 μM) before LPS stimulation (1 ng/mL, 4 h). Cells were trypsinized and assessed for surface ICAM-1 (A) and VCAM (B) by flow cytometry (n = 3 separate experiments). *P < 0.05 (vs. “0 ACh”).
