Fig. 1.

Hunter–gatherers climb trees and acquire arboreal resources using a variety of techniques. (A) An Mbuti man climbs in the pursuit of honey and uses smoldering leaves to subdue stinging bees. The plantar surface of the foot is applied to the tree trunk. Dorsiflexion of his right ankle occurs as his left foot pushes off the tree (photograph by Rebecca Blackwell; reproduced with permission). (B) Vertical climbing is risky and often requires extraordinary bridging abilities in the understory and canopy (photograph by Bruno Zanzottera; reproduced with permission). (C) In Malaysia, the Batek use small-diameter lianas to access resources in the canopy (photograph by Kirk Endicott; reproduced with permission).