Table 3.
Associations between disaster-related factors and symptoms of distress at waves 2 and 3a
| Symptoms of distress at wave 2 | Symptoms of distress at wave 3 | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Model 1: |
Model 2: |
Model 1: |
Model 2: |
Model 3: |
||||||||||
| |
disaster-related factors |
Disaster-related factors and symptoms distress and PTSD at wave 1 |
Disaster-related factors |
Disaster-related factors and symptoms distress and PTSD at wave 1 |
Disaster-related factors and symptoms of distress and PTSD at waves 1 and 2 |
||||||||||
| |
B |
SE |
P |
B |
SE |
P |
B |
SE |
P |
B |
SE |
P |
B |
SE |
P |
| Intercept |
113.33 |
7.39 |
< .001 |
47.77 |
8.48 |
< .001 |
102.95 |
7.23 |
< .001 |
46.02 |
7.54 |
< .01 |
14.05 |
6.47 |
n.s. |
| House destroyed |
12.62 |
4.24 |
< .05 |
2.63 |
3.73 |
n.s. |
10.70 |
4.81 |
n.s. |
2.04 |
4.45 |
n.s. |
−0.22 |
2.97 |
n.s. |
| Injury self |
17.16 |
7.37 |
n.s. |
11.41 |
6.41 |
n.s. |
16.39 |
6.44 |
< .05 |
11.37 |
5.82 |
n.s. |
3.34 |
4.90 |
n.s. |
| Lost a loved one |
10.15 |
7.42 |
n.s. |
5.28 |
6.87 |
n.s. |
10.61 |
6.93 |
n.s. |
6.20 |
6.69 |
n.s. |
2.50 |
4.63 |
n.s. |
| Witnessed injured victims |
4.13 |
4.14 |
n.s. |
3.25 |
3.65 |
n.s. |
6.18 |
4.25 |
n.s. |
5.46 |
4.01 |
n.s. |
2.88 |
2.74 |
n.s. |
| Witnessed deceased victims |
−2.96 |
5.15 |
n.s. |
−7.13 |
4.72 |
n.s. |
−11.08 |
5.98 |
n.s. |
−14.93 |
5.62 |
< .05 |
−10.26 |
5.15 |
n.s. |
| Heard yelling individuals |
3.72 |
4.01 |
n.s. |
0.82 |
3.43 |
n.s. |
5.61 |
3.95 |
n.s. |
2.99 |
3.41 |
n.s. |
2.4 |
3.00 |
n.s. |
| Felt heart palpitations |
8.01 |
3.92 |
n.s. |
−1.20 |
3.43 |
n.s. |
6.08 |
4.08 |
n.s. |
−2.16 |
3.59 |
n.s. |
−1.51 |
2.82 |
n.s. |
| Felt intense anxiety |
4.16 |
4.00 |
n.s. |
1.04 |
3.52 |
n.s. |
4.70 |
3.8 |
n.s. |
1.77 |
3.46 |
n.s. |
1.15 |
2.74 |
n.s. |
| Fled from explosions/ fire |
−5.71 |
3.66 |
n.s. |
−0.81 |
3.13 |
n.s. |
−3.55 |
3.92 |
n.s. |
0.72 |
3.60 |
n.s. |
1.45 |
2.93 |
n.s. |
| Helped affected victims |
2.49 |
3.4 |
n.s. |
1.78 |
2.91 |
n.s. |
4.60 |
3.43 |
n.s. |
3.77 |
3.18 |
n.s. |
2.41 |
2.50 |
n.s. |
| Felt feelings of guilt or shame |
16.86 |
6.85 |
n.s. |
−3.41 |
6.23 |
n.s. |
22.40 |
6.56 |
< .05 |
4.76 |
6.00 |
n.s. |
6.68 |
4.10 |
n.s. |
| Confusion |
17.21 |
3.93 |
<.001 |
−5.15 |
3.88 |
n.s. |
9.28 |
4.4 |
n.s. |
−10.66 |
4.02 |
< .05 |
−6.90 |
3.65 |
n.s. |
| Symptoms of distress at wave 1 |
|
|
|
0.60 |
0.05 |
< .001 |
|
|
|
0.51 |
0.04 |
< .01 |
0.08 |
0.05 |
n.s. |
| Symptoms of PTSD at wave 1 |
|
|
|
−0.11 |
0.12 |
n.s. |
|
|
|
0.004 |
0.12 |
n.s. |
0.05 |
0.01 |
n.s. |
| Symptoms of distress at wave 2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.70 |
0.05 |
< .01 |
| Symptoms of PTSD at wave 2 | 0.12 | 0.13 | n.s. | ||||||||||||
a Multiple regression analysis, adjusted for sex, age, ethnicity, employment status, educational level, smoking/non-smoking and number of chronic diseases. N.s. = not significant.
Model 1, wave 2: Pooled R-Squared = 0.318, Pooled R-Squared C.I. = [0.266, 0.37].
Model 2, wave 2: Pooled R-Squared = 0.518, Pooled R-Squared C.I. = [0.477, 0.557].
Model 1, wave 3: Pooled R-Squared = 0.326, Pooled R-Squared C.I. = [0.278,0.374].
Model 2, wave 3: Pooled R-Squared = 0.47, Pooled R-Squared C.I. = [0.423, 0.515].
Model 3, wave 3: Pooled R-Squared = 0.708, Pooled R-Squared C.I. = [0.66, 0.754].