Figure 7. Schematic diagram of the roles of MIF in DV-infected patients’ circulation.

DV can stimulate monocytes and endothelial cells to express MIF. MIF signals through binding to a functional receptor complex CD74/CD44 and G-protein-coupled chemokine receptors (CXCR2/CXCR4) individually [20]. Following signaling may activate PI3K/MEK/ERK and downstream JNK signaling pathways, resulting in TM and ICAM-1 expression and causing soluble TM levels to increase in plasma.